Chemistry:Laudanosine

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Laudanosine
Skeletal formula
Space-filling model
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
(1S)-1-[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
Other names
N-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropapaverine
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 220-253-2
UNII
Properties
C21H27NO4
Molar mass 357.450 g·mol−1
Melting point 89 °C (192 °F; 362 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
Tracking categories (test):

Laudanosine or N-methyltetrahydropapaverine is a recognized metabolite[1] of atracurium and cisatracurium. Laudanosine decreases the seizure threshold, and thus it can induce seizures if present at sufficient threshold concentrations; however such concentrations are unlikely to be produced consequent to chemodegradable metabolism of clinically administered doses of cisatracurium or atracurium.

Capsule of Papaver somniferum showing latex (opium) exuding from incision. Laudanosine occurs naturally in small amounts (0.1%) in opium.

Laudanosine also occurs naturally in minute amounts (0.1%) in opium, from which it was first isolated in 1871.[2] Partial dehydrogenation of laudanosine will lead to papaverine, the alkaloid found in the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum).

Laudanosine is a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid. It has been shown to interact with GABA receptors, glycine receptors, opioid receptors, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,[1][3][4] but not benzodiazepine or muscarinic receptors, which are also involved in epilepsy and other types of seizures.[5]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 "Laudanosine, an atracurium and cisatracurium metabolite". Eur J Anaesthesiol 19 (7): 466–73. July 2002. doi:10.1017/s0265021502000777. PMID 12113608. 
  2. Burger A (2005). "The Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids". The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology. 4. New York: Academic Press. pp. 48. ISBN 0-12-469504-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=KxTKLlac60wC&q=laudanosine&pg=PA55.  Retrieved September 18, 2008 through Google Book Search.
  3. "Interactions between laudanosine, GABA, and opioid subtype receptors: implication for laudanosine seizure activity". Brain Res 646 (2): 235–241. May 1994. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90084-1. PMID 8069669. 
  4. "Evaluation of benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines as ligands for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors". Br J Pharmacol 146 (1): 15–24. Sep 2005. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706307. PMID 15980871. 
  5. "Laudanosine does not displace receptor-specific ligands from the benzodiazepinergic or muscarinic receptors". Anesthesiology 70 (1): 109–111. Jan 1989. doi:10.1097/00000542-198901000-00020. PMID 2536252.