Biology:TRPA (ion channel)
| transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | TRPA1 |
| Alt. symbols | ANKTM1 |
| IUPHAR | 485 |
| NCBI gene | 8989 |
| HGNC | 497 |
| OMIM | 604775 |
| RefSeq | NM_007332 |
| UniProt | O75762 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 8 q13 |
TRPA is a family of transient receptor potential ion channels. The TRPA family is made up of 7 subfamilies: TRPA1, TRPA- or TRPA1-like, TRPA5, painless, pyrexia, waterwitch, and HsTRPA. TRPA1 is the only subfamily widely expressed across animals, while the other subfamilies (collectively referred to as the basal clade) are largely absent in deuterostomes (and in the case of HsTRPA, only expressed in hymenopteran insects).[2][1][3][4]
TRPA1s have been the most extensively studied subfamily; they typically contain 14 N-terminal ankyrin repeats and are believed to function as mechanical stress, temperature, and chemical sensors. TRPA1 is known to be activated by compounds such as isothiocyanate (which are the pungent chemicals in substances such as mustard oil and wasabi) and Michael acceptors (e.g. cinnamaldehyde). These compounds are capable of forming covalent chemical bonds with the protein's cysteins.[5] Non-covalent activators of TRPA1 also exists, such as methyl salicylate, menthol, and the synthetic compound PF-4840154.[6][1][7]
The thermal sensitivity of TRPAs varies by species. For example, TRPA1 functions as a high-temperature sensor in insects and snakes, but as a cold sensor in mammals.[8] The basal TRPAs have evolved some degree of thermal sensitivity as well: painless and pyrexia function in high-temperature sensing in Drosophila melanogaster, and the honey bee HsTRPA underwent neofunctionalization following its divergence from waterwitch, gaining function as a high-temperature sensor.[9]
TRPA1s promiscuity with respect to sensory modality has been the source of controversy, particularly when considering its ability to detect cold.[10] More recent work has alternatively (or additionally) proposed that reactive oxygen species activate TRPA1, across species.[11][12]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Drosophila menthol sensitivity and the Precambrian origins of transient receptor potential-dependent chemosensation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 374 (1785): 20190369. November 2019. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0369. PMID 31544603.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Analysis of Drosophila TRPA1 reveals an ancient origin for human chemical nociception". Nature 464 (7288): 597–600. March 2010. doi:10.1038/nature08848. PMID 20237474. Bibcode: 2010Natur.464..597K.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Evolution of TRP channels inferred by their classification in diverse animal species". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 145–57. March 2015. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.016. PMID 24981559.
- ↑ "Chemoreceptor proteins in the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus: Expression of Ionotropic Receptors, Gustatory Receptors, and TRP channels in two chemosensory organs and brain". PLOS ONE 13 (9): e0203935. 2018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203935. PMID 30240423. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1303935K.
- ↑ "Transient receptor potential cation channels in disease". Physiological Reviews 87 (1): 165–217. January 2007. doi:10.1152/physrev.00021.2006. PMID 17237345. https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/137085.
- ↑ "Design and pharmacological evaluation of PF-4840154, a non-electrophilic reference agonist of the TrpA1 channel". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 21 (16): 4857–9. August 2011. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.035. PMID 21741838.
- ↑ "TRPA1". Mammalian Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Cation Channels. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 222. 2014. pp. 583–630. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54215-2_23. ISBN 978-3-642-54214-5.
- ↑ "Infrared snake eyes: TRPA1 and the thermal sensitivity of the snake pit organ". Science Signaling 3 (127): pe22. June 2010. doi:10.1126/scisignal.3127pe22. PMID 20571127.
- ↑ "Honey bee thermal/chemical sensor, AmHsTRPA, reveals neofunctionalization and loss of transient receptor potential channel genes". The Journal of Neuroscience 30 (37): 12219–29. September 2010. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2001-10.2010. PMID 20844118.
- ↑ "TRPA1 and cold transduction: an unresolved issue?". The Journal of General Physiology 133 (3): 245–9. March 2009. doi:10.1085/jgp.200810136. PMID 19237589.
- ↑ "Activation of planarian TRPA1 by reactive oxygen species reveals a conserved mechanism for animal nociception". Nature Neuroscience 20 (12): 1686–1693. December 2017. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0005-0. PMID 29184198.
- ↑ "Cold sensitivity of TRPA1 is unveiled by the prolyl hydroxylation blockade-induced sensitization to ROS". Nature Communications 7: 12840. September 2016. doi:10.1038/ncomms12840. PMID 27628562. Bibcode: 2016NatCo...712840M.
External links
- TRPA1+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- "TRIP Database". a manually curated database of protein-protein interactions for mammalian TRP channels. http://www.trpchannel.org.
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