Template:Infobox carbon
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 Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carbon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Allotropes | graphite, diamond, others | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance |
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| Standard atomic weight Ar, std(C) | [12.0096, 12.0116] conventional: 12.011 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carbon in the periodic table | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic number (Z) | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group | group 14 (carbon group) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Period | period 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Block | p-block | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Element category | p-block, sometimes considered a metalloid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [He] 2s2 2p2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase at STP | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sublimation point | 3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3[1] graphite: 2.267 g/cm3 diamond: 3.515 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Triple point | 4600 K, 10,800 kPa[2][3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | graphite: 117 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar heat capacity | graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,[4] +2, +3,[5] +4[6] (a mildly acidic oxide) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.55 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies |
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| Covalent radius | sp3: 77 pm sp2: 73 pm sp: 69 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Van der Waals radius | 170 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Other properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Natural occurrence | primordial | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | graphite: simple hexagonal (black) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | diamond: face-centered diamond-cubic (clear) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | diamond: 0.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | graphite: 119–165 W/(m·K) diamond: 900–2300 W/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | graphite: 7.837 µΩ·m[8] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[9] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic susceptibility | −5.9·10−6 (graph.) cm3/mol[10] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | diamond: 1050 GPa[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | diamond: 478 GPa[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | diamond: 442 GPa[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | diamond: 0.1[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | graphite: 1–2 diamond: 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS Number |
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| History | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discovery | Egyptians and Sumerians[11] (3750 BCE) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recognized as an element by | Antoine Lavoisier[12] (1789) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Main isotopes of carbon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Check temperatures C: no input for C, K, F.
Check temperatures C: no input for C, K, F.
| B ← |
→ N | |
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| [] Data sets read by {{Infobox element}} | |
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| Name and identifiers | |
| Top image (caption, alt) | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Category (enwiki) | |
| Standard atomic weight | |
| most stable isotope | |
| Natural occurrence | |
| Phase at STP | |
| Chemistry:Oxidation states | |
| Spectral lines image | |
| Physics:Electron configuration (cmt, ref) | |
| Term symbol * (cmt, ref) | |
| Wikidata * | |
| * Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2019-02-03) See also {{Infobox element/symbol-to--navbox}} | |
References
- ↑ Lide, D. R., ed (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
- ↑ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon 14 (6): 357–361. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
- ↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon 43 (6): 1115–1142. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
- ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical". http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/42.pdf.
- ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP". http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/36.pdf.
- ↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". https://www.webelements.com/carbon/compounds.html.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
- ↑ "Material Properties- Misc Materials". https://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/ET_matlprop_Misc_Matls.htm. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
- ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
- ↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. http://www.caer.uky.edu/carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ↑ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/discovery-of-carbon.shtml. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
Four of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as
- <ref name="CRC" /> for the source CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
- <ref name="triple2" /> for the source by Haaland
- <ref name="triple3" /> for the Savvatimskiy
- <ref name="ioffe" /> for the Ioffe Institute Database
