Social:Fuyu Kyrgyz
| Fuyu Kyrgyz language | |
|---|---|
| Fuyü Gïrgïs | |
| Pronunciation | [qərʁəs] |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Heilongjiang |
| Ethnicity | Fuyu Kyrgyz |
Native speakers | (875, cited 1982 census)[1] |
Turkic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
kjh-fyk | |
| Glottolog | fuyu1243[4] |
Gïrgïs, Kyrgysdar | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| 1,400 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 China
| 1,400 |
| Languages | |
| Fuyu Kyrgyz, Oirat, Chinese | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Khakas | |
Fuyu Kyrgyz (Fuyü Gïrgïs, Fu-Yu Kirgiz), also known as Manchurian Kirghiz, is a Turkic language, and as gɨr.gɨs, Gïrgïs, Kyrgysdar is an ethnonym of the Turkic unrecognized ethnic group in China.[5] Despite its name, it is not a variety of Kyrgyz but is closer to the modern Khakas and the ancient language of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. The people originated in the Yenisei region of Siberia but were relocated into Dzungaria by the Dzungars.[6][7]
In 1761, after the Dzungars were defeated by the Qing, a group of Yenisei Kirghiz were deported (along with some Öelet or Oirat-speaking Dzungars) to the Nonni (Nen) river basin in Manchuria/Northeast China.[8][9] The Kyrgyz in Manchuria became known as the Fuyu Kyrgyz, but many have become merged into the Mongol and Chinese population. Chinese[clarification needed] and Oirat replaced Oirat and Kirghiz during the period of Manchukuo as the dual languages of the Nonni-based Kyrgyz.[10]
The Fuyu Kyrgyz language is now spoken in northeastern China's Heilongjiang province, in and around Fuyu County, Qiqihar (300 km northwest of Harbin) by a small number of passive speakers who are classified as Kyrgyz nationality.[11] Fuyu County as a whole has 1,400 Fuyu Kyrgyz people.[12]
Sounds
Although a complete phonemic analysis of Girgis has not been done,[13] Hu and Imart have made numerous observations about the sound system in their tentative description of the language. They describe Girgis as having the short vowels noted as "a, ï, i, o, ö, u, ü" which correspond roughly to IPA [a, ə, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʉ], with minimal rounding and tendency towards centralization.[14] Vowel length is phonemic and occurs as a result of consonant-deletion (Girgis /pʉːn/ vs. Kyrgyz /byɡyn/ 'today'). Each short vowel has an equivalent long vowel, with the addition of /e/. Girgis displays vowel harmony as well as consonant harmony.[15] The consonant sounds in Girgis, including allophone variants, are [p, b, ɸ, β, t, d, ð, k, q, ɡ, h, ʁ, ɣ, s, ʃ, z, ʒ, dʒ, tʃ, m, n, ŋ, l, r, j]. Girgis does not display a phonemic difference between the stop set /p, t, k/ and /b, d, ɡ/; these stops can also be aspirated to [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] in Chinese loanwords.[16]
Speakers
In 1980, Fuyu Girgis was spoken by a majority of adults in a community of around a hundred homes. However, many adults in the area have switched to speaking a local variety of Mongolian, and children have switched to Chinese as taught in the education system.[17]
See also
- Kyrgyz in China
References
- ↑ Khakas at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
- ↑ Brown & Ogilvie, p. 1109.
- ↑ Johanson & Johanson 1998, p. 83.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Fuyu Kyrgyz language". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fuyu1243.
- ↑ Hu & Imart 1987.
- ↑ Tchoroev (Chorotegin) 2003, p. 110.
- ↑ Pozzi, Janhunen & Weiers 2006, pp. 112–113.
- ↑ Janhunen 1996, pp. 111–112.
- ↑ Wurm, Mühlhäusler & Tryon 2011, p. 831.
- ↑ Janhunen 1996, p. 59.
- ↑ Hu & Imart 1987, p. 1.
- ↑ Fuyu County Civil Affairs Bureau 2021.
- ↑ Hu & Imart 1987, p. 11.
- ↑ Hu & Imart 1987, pp. 8–9.
- ↑ Hu & Imart 1987, pp. 24–25.
- ↑ Hu & Imart 1987, pp. 11–13.
- ↑ Hu & Imart 1987, pp. 2–3.
Works cited
- Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah, eds (2010). "Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World". Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World (rev. ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-0080877754. https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC.
- Fuyu County Civil Affairs Bureau (2021-01-19). "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh). Fuyu County People's Government. http://www.fuyu.gov.cn/zjfy/mszj/. - Hu, Zhen-hua; Imart, Guy (1987), Fu-Yü Gïrgïs: A tentative description of the easternmost Turkic language, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies
- Janhunen, Juha (1996). Manchuria: An Ethnic History. Finno-Ugrian Society. ISBN 978-951-9403-84-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=vfJiAAAAMAAJ&q=Oelet.
- Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató; Johanson, Lars (2003). The Turkic Languages. Routledge Language Family Series (Rev. ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203066102.
- Li, Yongsŏng; Ölmez, Mehmet; Kim, Juwon (2007). "Some Newly Identified Words in Fuyu Kirghiz (Part 1)". Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher (Neue Folge) 21: 141–169. ISSN 0174-0652.
- Pozzi, Alessandra; Janhunen, Juha Antero; Weiers, Michael, eds (2006). Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Manchu Stories in Honour of Giovanni Stary. Tunguso Sibirica. 20. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05378-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C.
- Tchoroev (Chorotegin), T. (2003). "The Kyrgyz". in Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich. History of civilizations of Central Asia. V: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 109–125. ISBN 9789231038761. https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA110.
- Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T., eds (2011). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110819724. https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ.
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