Germanium, 32 Ge Germanium Pronunciation (jur-MAY -nee-əm ) Appearance grayish-white Standard atomic weight A r, std (Ge) 72.630(8)[1] Germanium in the periodic table
Atomic number (Z ) 32 Group group 14 (carbon group) Period period 4 Block p-block Element category p-block Electron configuration [Ar ] 3d10 4s2 4p2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 4 Physical properties Phase at STP solid Melting point 1211.40 K (938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F) Boiling point 3106 K (2833 °C, 5131 °F) Density (near r.t. ) 5.323 g/cm3 when liquid (at m.p. ) 5.60 g/cm3 Heat of fusion 36.94 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 334 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 23.222 J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
1644
1814
2023
2287
2633
3104
Atomic properties Oxidation states −4 −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1, +2 , +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)Electronegativity Pauling scale: 2.01 Ionization energies 1st: 762 kJ/mol 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol Atomic radius empirical: 122 pm Covalent radius 122 pm Van der Waals radius 211 pm Spectral lines of germaniumOther properties Natural occurrence primordial Crystal structure face-centered diamond-cubic Speed of sound thin rod 5400 m/s (at 20 °C) Thermal expansion 6.0 µm/(m·K) Thermal conductivity 60.2 W/(m·K) Electrical resistivity 1 Ω·m (at 20 °C) Band gap 0.67 eV (at 300 K) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic [3] Magnetic susceptibility −76.84·10−6 cm3 /mol[4] Young's modulus 103 GPa[5] Shear modulus 41 GPa[5] Bulk modulus 75 GPa[5] Poisson ratio 0.26[5] Mohs hardness 6.0 CAS Number 7440-56-4 History Naming after Germany, homeland of the discoverer Prediction Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) Discovery Clemens Winkler (1886) Main isotopes of germanium
Category: Germanium view · talk · edit
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Ge
data m.p. cat
in
calc from C
diff
report
ref
C
938.25
—
—
K
1211.40
1211.40
0
F
1720.85
1720.85
0
max precision
2
WD
input
C: 938.25, K: 1211.40, F: 1720.85
comment
Ge
data b.p. cat
in
calc from C
diff
report
ref
C
2833
—
—
K
3106
3106
0
F
5131
5131
0
max precision
0
WD
input
C: 2833, K: 3106, F: 5131
comment
References
These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al . (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi :10.1515/pac-2015-0305 .
↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound" . Chemistry Europe . 27 August 2016. https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/9745121/New_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html .
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds , in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4 .
↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Properties of Germanium" . Ioffe Institute . http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Ge .
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