Hyperharmonic number
In mathematics, the n-th hyperharmonic number of order r, denoted by [math]\displaystyle{ H_n^{(r)} }[/math], is recursively defined by the relations:
- [math]\displaystyle{ H_n^{(0)} = \frac{1}{n} , }[/math]
and
- [math]\displaystyle{ H_n^{(r)} = \sum_{k=1}^n H_k^{(r-1)}\quad(r\gt 0). }[/math][citation needed]
In particular, [math]\displaystyle{ H_n=H_n^{(1)} }[/math] is the n-th harmonic number.
The hyperharmonic numbers were discussed by J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy in their 1995 book The Book of Numbers.[1]:258
Identities involving hyperharmonic numbers
By definition, the hyperharmonic numbers satisfy the recurrence relation
- [math]\displaystyle{ H_n^{(r)} = H_{n-1}^{(r)} + H_n^{(r-1)}. }[/math]
In place of the recurrences, there is a more effective formula to calculate these numbers:
- [math]\displaystyle{ H_{n}^{(r)}=\binom{n+r-1}{r-1}(H_{n+r-1}-H_{r-1}). }[/math]
The hyperharmonic numbers have a strong relation to combinatorics of permutations. The generalization of the identity
- [math]\displaystyle{ H_n = \frac{1}{n!}\left[{n+1 \atop 2}\right]. }[/math]
reads as
- [math]\displaystyle{ H_n^{(r)} = \frac{1}{n!}\left[{n+r \atop r+1}\right]_r, }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ \left[{n \atop r}\right]_r }[/math] is an r-Stirling number of the first kind.[2]
Asymptotics
The above expression with binomial coefficients easily gives that for all fixed order r>=2 we have.[3]
- [math]\displaystyle{ H_n^{(r)}\sim\frac{1}{(r-1)!}\left(n^{r-1}\ln(n)\right), }[/math]
that is, the quotient of the left and right hand side tends to 1 as n tends to infinity.
An immediate consequence is that
- [math]\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{H_n^{(r)}}{n^m}\lt +\infty }[/math]
when m>r.
Generating function and infinite series
The generating function of the hyperharmonic numbers is
- [math]\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=0}^\infty H_n^{(r)}z^n=-\frac{\ln(1-z)}{(1-z)^r}. }[/math]
The exponential generating function is much more harder to deduce. One has that for all r=1,2,...
- [math]\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=0}^\infty H_n^{(r)}\frac{t^n}{n!}=e^t\left(\sum_{n=1}^{r-1}H_n^{(r-n)}\frac{t^n}{n!}+\frac{(r-1)!}{(r!)^2}t^r\, _2 F_2\left(1,1;r+1,r+1;-t\right)\right), }[/math]
where 2F2 is a hypergeometric function. The r=1 case for the harmonic numbers is a classical result, the general one was proved in 2009 by I. Mező and A. Dil.[4]
The next relation connects the hyperharmonic numbers to the Hurwitz zeta function:[3]
- [math]\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{H_n^{(r)}}{n^m}=\sum_{n=1}^\infty H_n^{(r-1)}\zeta(m,n)\quad(r\ge1,m\ge r+1). }[/math]
Integer hyperharmonic numbers
It is known, that the harmonic numbers are never integers except the case n=1. The same question can be posed with respect to the hyperharmonic numbers: are there integer hyperharmonic numbers? István Mező proved[5] that if r=2 or r=3, these numbers are never integers except the trivial case when n=1. He conjectured that this is always the case, namely, the hyperharmonic numbers of order r are never integers except when n=1. This conjecture was justified for a class of parameters by R. Amrane and H. Belbachir.[6] Especially, these authors proved that [math]\displaystyle{ H_n^{(4)} }[/math] is not integer for all r<26 and n=2,3,... Extension to high orders was made by Göral and Sertbaş.[7] These authors have also shown that [math]\displaystyle{ H_n^{(r)} }[/math] is never integer when n is even or a prime power, or r is odd.
Another result is the following.[8] Let [math]\displaystyle{ S(x) }[/math] be the number of non-integer hyperharmonic numbers such that [math]\displaystyle{ (n,x)\in[0,x]\times[0,x] }[/math]. Then, assuming the Cramér's conjecture,
- [math]\displaystyle{ S(x)=x^2+O(x\log^3x). }[/math]
Note that the number of integer lattice points in [math]\displaystyle{ [0,x]\times[0,x] }[/math] is [math]\displaystyle{ x^2+O(x^2) }[/math], which shows that most of the hyperharmonic numbers cannot be integer.
The problem was finally settled by D. C. Sertbaş who found that there are infinitely many hyperharmonic integers, albeit they are quite huge. The smallest hyperharmonic number which is an integer found so far is[9]
- [math]\displaystyle{ H_{33}^{(64(2^{2659}-1)+32)}. }[/math]
References
- ↑ John H., Conway; Richard K., Guy (1995). The book of numbers. Copernicus. ISBN 9780387979939. https://books.google.com/books?id=0--3rcO7dMYC&pg=PP1.
- ↑ Benjamin, A. T.; Gaebler, D.; Gaebler, R. (2003). "A combinatorial approach to hyperharmonic numbers". Integers (3): 1–9.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mező, István; Dil, Ayhan (2010). "Hyperharmonic series involving Hurwitz zeta function". Journal of Number Theory 130 (2): 360–369. doi:10.1016/j.jnt.2009.08.005.
- ↑ Mező, István; Dil, Ayhan (2009). "Euler-Seidel method for certain combinatorial numbers and a new characterization of Fibonacci sequence". Central European Journal of Mathematics 7 (2): 310–321. doi:10.2478/s11533-009-0008-5.
- ↑ Mező, István (2007). "About the non-integer property of the hyperharmonic numbers". Annales Universitatis Scientarium Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös Nominatae, Sectio Mathematica (50): 13–20.
- ↑ Amrane, R. A.; Belbachir, H. (2010). "Non-integerness of class of hyperharmonic numbers". Annales Mathematicae et Informaticae (37): 7–11.
- ↑ Göral, Haydar; Doğa Can, Sertbaş (2017). "Almost all hyperharmonic numbers are not integers". Journal of Number Theory 171 (171): 495–526. doi:10.1016/j.jnt.2016.07.023.
- ↑ Alkan, Emre; Göral, Haydar; Doğa Can, Sertbaş (2018). "Hyperharmonic numbers can rarely be integers". Integers (18).
- ↑ Doğa Can, Sertbaş (2020). "Hyperharmonic integers exist". Comptes Rendus Mathématique (358).
- ↑ Dil, Ayhan; Boyadzhiev, Khristo N. (February 2015). "Euler sums of hyperharmonic numbers". Journal of Number Theory 147: 490–498. doi:10.1016/j.jnt.2014.07.018.
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