Vertex-transitive graph

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Short description: Graph where all pairs of vertices are automorphic
Graph families defined by their automorphisms
distance-transitive distance-regular strongly regular
symmetric (arc-transitive) t-transitive, t ≥ 2 skew-symmetric
(if connected)
vertex- and edge-transitive
edge-transitive and regular edge-transitive
vertex-transitive regular (if bipartite)
biregular
Cayley graph zero-symmetric asymmetric

In the mathematical field of graph theory, a vertex-transitive graph is a graph G in which, given any two vertices v1 and v2 of G, there is some automorphism

[math]\displaystyle{ f : V(G) \to V(G)\ }[/math]

such that

[math]\displaystyle{ f(v_1) = v_2.\ }[/math]

In other words, a graph is vertex-transitive if its automorphism group acts transitively on its vertices.[1] A graph is vertex-transitive if and only if its graph complement is, since the group actions are identical.

Every symmetric graph without isolated vertices is vertex-transitive, and every vertex-transitive graph is regular. However, not all vertex-transitive graphs are symmetric (for example, the edges of the truncated tetrahedron), and not all regular graphs are vertex-transitive (for example, the Frucht graph and Tietze's graph).

Finite examples

The edges of the truncated tetrahedron form a vertex-transitive graph (also a Cayley graph) which is not symmetric.

Finite vertex-transitive graphs include the symmetric graphs (such as the Petersen graph, the Heawood graph and the vertices and edges of the Platonic solids). The finite Cayley graphs (such as cube-connected cycles) are also vertex-transitive, as are the vertices and edges of the Archimedean solids (though only two of these are symmetric). Potočnik, Spiga and Verret have constructed a census of all connected cubic vertex-transitive graphs on at most 1280 vertices.[2]

Although every Cayley graph is vertex-transitive, there exist other vertex-transitive graphs that are not Cayley graphs. The most famous example is the Petersen graph, but others can be constructed including the line graphs of edge-transitive non-bipartite graphs with odd vertex degrees.[3]

Properties

The edge-connectivity of a connected vertex-transitive graph is equal to the degree d, while the vertex-connectivity will be at least 2(d + 1)/3.[1] If the degree is 4 or less, or the graph is also edge-transitive, or the graph is a minimal Cayley graph, then the vertex-connectivity will also be equal to d.[4]

Infinite examples

Infinite vertex-transitive graphs include:

Two countable vertex-transitive graphs are called quasi-isometric if the ratio of their distance functions is bounded from below and from above. A well known conjecture stated that every infinite vertex-transitive graph is quasi-isometric to a Cayley graph. A counterexample was proposed by Diestel and Leader in 2001.[5] In 2005, Eskin, Fisher, and Whyte confirmed the counterexample.[6]

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Godsil, Chris; Royle, Gordon (2013), Algebraic Graph Theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 207, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4613-0163-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=GeSPBAAAQBAJ .
  2. Potočnik P., Spiga P.; Verret G. (2013), "Cubic vertex-transitive graphs on up to 1280 vertices", Journal of Symbolic Computation 50: 465–477, doi:10.1016/j.jsc.2012.09.002 .
  3. Lauri, Josef; Scapellato, Raffaele (2003), Topics in graph automorphisms and reconstruction, London Mathematical Society Student Texts, 54, Cambridge University Press, p. 44, ISBN 0-521-82151-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=hsymFm0E0uIC&pg=PA44 . Lauri and Scapelleto credit this construction to Mark Watkins.
  4. Babai, L. (1996), Technical Report TR-94-10, University of Chicago, http://www.cs.uchicago.edu/files/tr_authentic/TR-94-10.ps 
  5. Diestel, Reinhard; Leader, Imre (2001), "A conjecture concerning a limit of non-Cayley graphs", Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 14 (1): 17–25, doi:10.1023/A:1011257718029, http://www.math.uni-hamburg.de/home/diestel/papers/Cayley.pdf .
  6. Eskin, Alex; Fisher, David; Whyte, Kevin (2005). "Quasi-isometries and rigidity of solvable groups". arXiv:math.GR/0511647..

External links