Social:Red Sea crisis

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Short description: Ongoing attacks against Red Sea shipping
Red Sea crisis
Part of the spillover of the Israel–Hamas war and the Yemeni Crisis
2023 Israel–Hamas war - Bab-el-Mandeb.svg
Houthi attacks on commercial ships in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait
Date19 October 2023 – present
Location
Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Aqaba, Southern Israel, airspace of Saudi Arabia and Egypt (esp. Sinai Peninsula)
Status

Ongoing

  • Disruption of international maritime trade in the Red Sea
  • Start of Operation Prosperity Guardian in December 2023
  • Strikes on Houthis in January 2024
Belligerents

 Yemen (SPC)

  • Houthi movement
 Iran[lower-alpha 1]
Hezbollah[3]
Iran-backed Iraqi militias[4]

 Israel

Prosperity Guardian:

  •  United States
  •  United Kingdom
  •  Australia
  •  Bahrain
  •  Canada
  •  Denmark
  •  Germany
  •  Greece
  •  Netherlands
  •  New Zealand
  •  Norway
  •  Seychelles
  •  Singapore
  •  Sri Lanka[5]
 France
 Italy
 India
 Pakistan
 Saudi Arabia
Commanders and leaders
  • Yemen Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
  • Yemen Mohamed al-Atifi
  • Israel Isaac Herzog
  • Israel Benjamin Netanyahu
  • Israel Benny Gantz
  • Israel Yoav Gallant
  • United States Joe Biden
  • United States Lloyd Austin
  • United Kingdom Rishi Sunak
Strength

Republic of Yemen Armed Forces (SPC-faction)

  • Yemeni Navy

Israel 1 Sa'ar 6-class corvette[6]
United States 1 Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
United States 1 Ticonderoga-class cruiser
United States 1 Ohio-class submarine
United States 5 Arleigh Burke-class destroyers[a]
France 1 FREMM multipurpose frigate[7]
Italy 2 FREMM multipurpose frigates[8]
United Kingdom 1 Type 45 destroyer[9]
India 3 Kolkata-class destroyers[10]
India 2 Visakhapatnam-class destroyers
India 2 Talwar-class frigates
Pakistan 2 Tughril-class frigates[11]

Casualties and losses

Yemen 15 killed and eight injured[lower-alpha 2][14]

60+ targets destroyed (US estimate) [15]		 United States 2 Navy SEALs died[16]
United States 1 MQ-9 Reaper drone shot down
Six Egyptian civilians wounded
Two ships boarded and seized by Houthis, one ship and 25 crewmembers remain captured; another ship was released; at least ten ships damaged.
Template:Campaignbox 2023 Israel–Hamas warTemplate:Campaignbox Yemeni Crisis

The Red Sea crisis,[17][18] also known as the United States–Iran proxy war,[19] began on 19 October 2023 when Yemen's Houthi movement initiated a series of attacks, targeting Southern Israel and the ships in the Red Sea it claimed were linked to Israel;[20][21][22] however, some ships with no apparent link to Israel were also targeted.[23]

During the Israel–Hamas war, the Houthi movement in Yemen, aligned with Hamas, launched attacks targeting Israel. They employed missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), some of which were intercepted by Israel over the Red Sea using the Arrow missile defense system (another missile was intercepted in space, making it the first instance of space warfare in history according to Israeli officials); others fell short of their targets or were intercepted by the United States Navy, the French Navy and the Israeli Air Force .

Houthi militants have also fired on merchant vessels of various countries in the Red Sea off the coast of Yemen, in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, a chokepoint of the global economy. This resulted in hundreds of cargo ships and tankers being rerouted around the southern tip of Africa to avoid the attacks in the Red Sea.[24] The United States has struck Houthis seven times since launching its first series of strikes alongside the British military on 11 January.[25]

Background

Areas controlled by Houthi movement in September 2023, colored green

The Houthi movement is a Zaydi militant organization which controls northern Yemen and is supported and funded by Iran.[26] Following the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war, Iranian-supported militant groups across the Middle East, including the Houthis, expressed support for the Palestinians and threatened to attack Israel. Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi warned the United States against intervening, threatening retaliation with drones and missiles.[27] In order to end the attacks in the Red Sea, the Houthis demanded a ceasefire in Gaza and an end to Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip.[28][29][30]

Weapons

Houthi weapons come mainly from Iran.[31] They are known to use surface-to-surface missiles, artillery rockets, loitering munitions and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).[32] They have several missiles and UAVs capable of reaching Israel from Yemen:

  • Toufan – a surface-to-surface missile, with a range of 1,800 km (1,100 mi).[33]
  • Cruise missiles – from the Iranian Soumar family, with strike ranges of about 2,000 km (1,200 mi).[33]
  • Quds-2 missile – supposedly with a range of 1,350 km (840 mi) but made to strike Israel.[34]
  • Samad-3 and Samad-4 – UAVs/loitering munitions with ranges of 1,800 km (1,100 mi)+.[34]
  • Wa'id drones – similar to Iran's Shahed 136, loitering munition with a range of 2,500 km (1,600 mi).[34]

Timeline of events

October 2023

On 19 October 2023 US officials said the United States Navy destroyer USS Carney shot down three land-attack cruise missiles and several drones heading toward Israel launched by the Houthis in Yemen. This was the first action by the U.S. military to defend Israel since the outbreak of the war.[27] It was later reported that the ship shot down four cruise missiles and 15 drones.[35] Another missile was reportedly intercepted by Saudi Arabia.[36]

On 27 October 2023 two loitering munitions were fired in a northerly direction from the southern Red Sea. According to Israel Defense Forces (IDF) officials, their target was Israel, but they did not cross the border from Egypt. Of the two drones, one fell short and hit a building adjacent to a hospital in Taba, Egypt, injuring six; the other was shot down near an electricity plant close to the town of Nuweiba, Egypt.[37][38][39] A Houthi official later made a one-word post on Twitter after the drone crashed in Taba, mentioning the nearby Israeli city of Eilat.[40]

On 31 October an alert was triggered in Eilat, Eilot kibbutz and the Shahorit industrial park area regarding the penetration of hostile aircraft from the Red Sea. The aircraft was successfully intercepted over the Red Sea. The Arrow system intercepted a ballistic missile and the Air Force intercepted several cruise missiles fired from the Red Sea toward Eilat. The Houthis took responsibility for the launches.[41] One cruise missile was shot down by an F-35i Adir jet.[42] The downing of the missile by the Arrow marks the first time it has been used in the Israel–Hamas war.[43] According to Israeli officials, the interception occurred above Earth's atmosphere above the Negev Desert, making it the first instance of space warfare in history.[44]

November 2023

On 1 November at 0:45 the IDF intercepted an air threat fired from Yemen and identified south of Eilat.[45] A US MQ-9 Reaper drone was shot down off the coast of Yemen by Houthi air defences on 8 November; the Pentagon previously said that MQ-9 drones were flying over Gaza in an intelligence gathering role to aid in the hostage recovery efforts.[46] On 9 November, the Houthis fired a missile toward the city of Eilat.[47] The missile was intercepted by an Arrow 3 missile, marking the first time it was used in an interception.[48]

On 14 November the Houthis fired numerous missiles, one of which was aimed toward the city of Eilat. The missile was intercepted by an Arrow missile according to Israeli officials.[49] The following day, US officials said that USS Thomas Hudner shot down a drone, fired from Yemen, that was headed toward it.[50] On 22 November, the Houthis fired a cruise missile aimed toward the city of Eilat. Israeli officials said the missile was successfully shot down by an F-35.[51] On 23 November 2023, US officials said that the destroyer USS Thomas Hudner had shot down several attack drones launched from Yemen.[52]

On 29 November 2023 US officials said the US Navy destroyer USS Carney shot down a Houthi KAS-04 drone as the destroyer approached the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait.[53] On 30 November 2023, Saudi media reported that an Israeli airstrike caused an explosion at a Houthi arms depot in Sana'a, the capital of Yemen. Houthi officials denied the report, stating that a gas station was hit instead. A member of the Houthis' political bureau, Hezam al-Asad, said that the explosion was caused by the remnants of a bomb left over from the Yemeni civil war.[54]

December 2023

On 6 December 2023 the Houthi movement launched several ballistic missiles at Israeli military posts in Eilat. On the same day, USS Mason shot down a drone launched from Yemen. There were no clear indications of its target.[55]

On 10 December 2023 the French Navy's frigate Languedoc, operating in the Red Sea, intercepted two drones launched from Hodeida, a Houthi-held port.[56] The US Navy reportedly shot down 14 drones on 16 December 2023,[57] while Egyptian Air Defense Forces intercepted an object flying near Dahab.[58]

On 18 December 2023 the Indian Navy stationed the destroyer INS Kolkata in the Gulf of Aden for maritime security. The destroyer INS Kochi was already deployed in the region to counter Somali pirates, although the Government of India remains silent about its involvement in Operation Prosperity Guardian.[10]

By 21 December 2023, the Port of Eilat, which gives Israel via the Red Sea its only easy shipping access to Asia without the need to transit the Suez Canal, had seen an 85% drop in activity due to the Houthi action.[59]

On 26 December 2023 Houthis said they carried out drone attacks on Eilat and other parts of Israel.[60] The US shot down 12 drones and five missiles fired by them, and the IDF said they also shot down a projectile launched from Yemen, targeting Israel, over the Red Sea, off the coast of the Sinai Peninsula.[61] On 26 December the Indian Navy deployed the destroyers INS Mormugao and Visakhapatnam in the Arabian Sea after an Israel-affiliated merchant vessel was struck off the Indian coast. The navy was investigating the nature of the attack on the vessel, MV Chem Pluto, which docked in Mumbai on Monday, and initial reports pointed to a drone attack, a navy statement said. The Pentagon said on Saturday that a drone launched from Iran struck the Chem Pluto in the Indian Ocean. The Foreign Ministry of Iran denied the U.S. accusations and called them 'baseless'. The vessel's crew included 21 Indians and one Vietnamese citizen.[62][63][64]

January 2024

Map of the airstrikes

On 4 January, just hours after the warning, Houthis launched an unmanned surface vessel (USV) towards US Navy and commercial vessels, but it detonated well over a 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) from the ships.[65]

On 7 January, the Houthi movement stated that retaliatory attacks against the U.S. Navy would continue unless the US hands over the Navy servicemembers who killed the 10 Houthi attack boat personnel for them to stand trial in Yemen.[66] On 7 January the Pakistan Navy deployed two Tughril-class frigates, PNS Tughril and Taimur in the Arabian Sea following "recent incidents of maritime security."[citation needed]

On 10 January, a large-scale attack was initiated by the Houthis against USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, USS Gravely, USS Laboon, USS Mason and HMS Diamond, in which at least 21 UAVs and missiles were launched.[67]

On 11 January, U.S. Navy SEALs raided a ship off the coast of Somalia which was bound to Houthi militants. Iranian-made missile components and other weapons, including air defense parts, were seized from the ship. The ship was then sunk and its crew of 14 people were detained. During the raid, a SEAL was pushed into the water by high waves and one of his teammates jumped in after him, causing both of them to go missing.[68][69] Both SEALs were declared dead by the US military after a 10-day search failed to locate them.[16]

On 12 January, the US and UK conducted airstrikes against over a dozen Houthi targets in Yemen with the support of multiple other countries,[70][71] just hours after the group's leader vowed that any American attack on its forces would "not go without a response".[72] The strikes were the first time Houthi targets in Yemen were targeted since the beginning of the Red Sea crisis.[73] More than 150 munitions and Tomahawk missiles struck 28 locations within Houthi-controlled areas. The Houthis said five of their fighters were killed and six others were injured.[74] A day later, the US performed another strike on a Houthi radar site in Sanaa.[75] On 14 January, American and British airstrikes were reported in Hodeida, and spy planes were reportedly spotted near the area. Reports also suggested that Israel was involved in the attacks.[76][77] The US issued a denial the same day.[78]

On 14 January, Houthis fired an anti-ship cruise missile from Hodeida in the direction of USS Laboon. The missile was shot down by a fighter jet before it could cause damage.[79]

On 16 January, the US struck four Houthi anti-ship ballistic missiles as they were being prepared to target ships in the Red Sea.[80] The following day, a fourth round of US strikes hit 14 missiles across Houthi-controlled areas.[81][82] On 22 January, in the eighth round of strikes against Houthis, the US and UK conducted airstrikes against eight Houthi targets in the vicinity of Sanaa airfield.[83][84]

On 24 January, Houthi claimed to have attacked U.S. destroyers and other warships in the Red Sea. This attack supposed to be in response to Operation Poseidon Archer (simple). Houthi claimed to have directly hit a U.S. destroyer with a missile during the attack.[85][better source needed] This attack was denied by the United States government.[86]

On 29 January, Denmark's frigate HDMS Iver Huitfeldt departed from the Kosor naval base for the Red Sea to assist the US-led coalition in safeguarding commercial traffic against Houthi attacks.[87] On 31 January, top European Union diplomat Josep Borrell announced that the bloc plans to start a naval mission to protect merchant shipping in the Red Sea within the following three weeks, and officials stated that seven EU member states were prepared to provide military equipment.[88] An adviser to Borrell stated that the mission's launch date should be 19 February. Borrell added that the mission would be called 'Aspides', which translates to protector.[89]

Attacks on shipping in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean (2023–present)

On 19 November, the car transporter Galaxy Leader was hijacked by the Houthis, with 25 individuals on board.[90] The empty car transporter en route to India was boarded using a Mil Mi-17 helicopter.[91] The incident followed a statement by Houthi spokesman Yahya Sarea on the group's Telegram channel, declaring their intention to target ships owned, operated by Israeli companies, or carrying the Israeli flag.[92] According to the ship's owner, the vessel was then moved to the Yemeni port of Hodeidah.[93] Sarea also urged countries to remove their citizens from crews of such ships. Earlier, Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi had threatened further attacks against Israeli interests, including potential targets in the Red Sea and the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait. His speech emphasized the group's capability to monitor and target Israeli ships in these regions.[94]

On 24 November 2023, Iran allegedly attacked the CMA CGM Symi, a Malta-flagged container ship in the Indian Ocean.[95] A drone was shot down over the Red Sea by an IDF fighter jet.[96]

On 26 November 2023, the Liberian-flagged MV Central Park, an oil tanker managed by Zodiac Maritime, was seized off the coast of Yemen in the Gulf of Aden. It carried a full cargo of phosphoric acid with 22 crew members consisting of Russian, Vietnamese, Bulgarian, Indian, Georgian and Filipino nationals.[97] The destroyer USS Mason, along with a partner country in the multilateral anti-piracy operation CTF 151, conducted a visit, board, search and seizure (VBSS) operation that facilitated the release of the Central Park and captured the hijackers on the ship following their attempted escape. The ship's crew was unharmed. The U.S. military reported that in the early morning hours of the following day, two ballistic missiles were fired in the direction of the Mason and the Central Park from Houthi territory in Yemen and ended up in the Gulf of Aden.[98][99] The five hijackers, all suspected Somali pirates, were detained by the U.S. Navy.[99][100]

On 3 December 2023, the United States Navy Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Carney reportedly shot down three attack drones launched from Yemen that were approaching the ship. After shooting down the drones, the ship responded to a distress call by three commercial ships in the area (the Unity Explorer, Number 9 and Sophie II) which were under attack by ballistic missiles launched from Yemen.[101]

The Houthis claimed responsibility for two of the attacks. Houthi military spokesman Brigadier General Yahya Sarea stated that one merchant vessel was hit by a missile and another by a drone while in the Bab el-Mandeb strait, without mentioning a warship.[101] A Pentagon source said that the attacks on Carney caused no injuries or damage.[102]

On 12 December 2023, the Houthis launched an anti-ship cruise missile attack against the Norwegian commercial ship Strinda, an oil and chemical tanker operated by the J. Ludwig Mowinckels Rederi company, while it was close to the Bab-el-Mandeb. The Strinda was on its way from Malaysia to Italy (via the Suez Canal). The attack caused a fire aboard the ship; no crew members were injured.[103][104] The ship was carrying cargo of palm oil. The French Armed Forces Ministry and U.S. Department of Defense reported that the Languedoc shot down a drone targeted at the Strinda, and USS Mason also rendered aid. The Houthi attack on the Strinda was an expansion of its series of attacks against maritime shipping in the strait; the Houthis began to attack commercial vessels without any discernible tie to Israel.[104]

On 13 December 2023, Houthi rebels attempted to board the Ardmore Encounter, a Marshall Islands-flagged commercial tanker coming from Mangaluru, India and en route to either Rotterdam, Netherlands or Gavle, Sweden, but failed, prompting a distress call from the ship. They then targeted the tanker with missiles, which missed. USS Mason responded to the tanker's distress call and shot down a UAV launched from a Houthi-controlled area. The Ardmore Encounter was able to continue its voyage without further incident.[105]

On 14 December 2023, a Houthi-launched missile was fired at the Maersk Gibraltar, though it missed its target.[106] On 15 December 2023, Houthi spokesperson Yahya Sarea claimed responsibility for attacks on two Liberian-flagged vessels identified as MSC Alanya and MSC Palatium III. The Houthis fired naval missiles at the ships as they alleged they were traveling to Israel.[107]

On 15 December, it was reported that the Liberian-flagged Al-Jasrah, which is owned by Hapag Lloyd, caught fire after being hit by a Houthi-launched projectile while sailing through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.[108] On 16 December 2023, Royal Navy destroyer HMS Diamond shot down a drone over the Red Sea while it was targeting a commercial ship.[9]

On 18 December 2023, Houthis claimed to have launched attacks targeting two cargo vessels in the Red Sea near Mocha port, the MSC Clara and the Norwegian-owned Swan Atlantic. The Swan Atlantic's owner, Inventor Chemical Tankers, said its water tank was damaged in the attack and denied it has any Israeli ties.[109]

On 23 December 2023, Houthis fired two anti-ship ballistic missiles into the southern Red Sea, but no ships were hit. USS Laboon also shot down four UAVs that were heading toward it.[110]

On 26 December 2023, Houthis fired several naval missiles at the MSC United VIII in the Red Sea after it rejected three warning calls.[60] She reported several explosions near her.[111][112] She alerted a nearby coalition task force warship and engaged in evasive maneuvers as per her instructions during the attacks.[113][114]

The container ship Maersk Hangzhou, owned by A.P. Moller Singapore Pte. Ltd. and in service with Maersk Line, was attacked over two days in late December. On 30 December, she was hit by a land-based missile, suffering only limited damage and no casualties. The following day, four small Yemeni gunboats attempted to attack and board the ship. The Maersk Hangzhou's own security team repelled them. Responding to her distress call, helicopters were deployed from USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Gravely, which were then engaged by the Houthis. They returned fire and sank three of the boats, killing their crews (ten militants in all – the fourth boat withdrew), thus inflicting the first known casualties of the Red Sea Crisis.[115]

On 11 January, Houthis fired an anti-ship ballistic missile into international shipping lanes in the Gulf of Aden, which landed in the water near a commercial vessel, causing no damage or injuries.[116]

On 12 January, Houthis mistakenly targeted the MT Khalissa as it carried Russian crude oil based on outdated information linking it to the United Kingdom.[117] A missile was fired near the vessel as it sailed off the coast of Aden, causing no injuries or damage. Three small boats also tailed the vessel for over an hour.[118][119]

On 15 January, Houthis struck the MV Gibraltar Eagle with an anti-ship missile, causing a small fire on board. The Attack on the Gibraltar Eagle (simple) did not cause injuries or significant damage. Another missile fired earlier failed in flight and crashed in Yemen.[120]

On 16 January, an anti-ship ballistic missile fired by the Houthis struck the MV Zografia, causing material damage but no injuries. The Greek owned and Malta flagged vessel, which came from Vietnam and was en route to Israel, was able to continue transiting the Red Sea.[121][122]

On 17 January, Houthis struck the US-owned bulk carrier MV Genco Picardy with a drone while it traversed the Gulf of Aden, causing minimal damage and no injuries to the crew.[123][124] The Indian Navy announced the following day that a warship in the region was diverted to rescue the ship's crew of 22 people.[125]

On 18 January, Houthis launched two anti-ship ballistic missiles at the MV Chem Ranger, which was traveling from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia to Kuwait. The missiles landed in the water near the ship while it was traversing through the Gulf of Aden, and there was no reported damage or injuries. However, a Houthi post on social media claimed that they launched several naval missiles at the vessel, resulting in direct hits.[126] File:U.S. Forces, Allies Conduct Joint Strikes in Yemen, 22 January 2024.webm On 22 January, Houthis claimed they attacked the US military cargo ship MV Ocean Jazz, but did not state the location of the attack or if damage was caused. However, the claim was rejected by the US Naval Forces Central Command.[127]

On 24 January, a Houthi missile exploded on the sea about 100 meters off the starboard side of the U.S. flagged, owned, and operated container ship Maersk Detroit. This ship and the Maersk Chesapeake, both in the U.S. Maritime Administration's Maritime Security Program and Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement were carrying U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of State, USAID, and other U.S. government agency cargo from Oman, and accompanied by U.S. Naval vessels while they were near the Bab el-Mandeb Strait transiting north. Two other missiles were shot down by the USS Gravely (DDG 107). Following the incident, the two vessels were ordered back to the Gulf of Aden by U.S. Navy instruction with Navy escort and Maersk Line Limited, a subsidiary that sails primarily U.S. government-owned goods, suspended all sailings in the Red Sea.[128][129][130]

On 26 January, a Houthi ballistic missile fired toward the USS Carney was shot down.[131] The same day the Marlin Luanda, an oil tanker operated by British company Oceonix Services on behalf of Trafigura, carrying Russian-produced naphtha, was hit by a missile as it traversed the Gulf of Aden. A Houthi spokesperson said the ship was targeted in response to "American-British aggression against our country". The attack, which the UK Maritime Trade Operations reported occurred 60 nautical miles southeast of Aden, directly hit the ship causing a fire in a cargo tank on the starboard side. The crew used firefighting equipment to put out the fire. None of the ship's crew was injured.[132][133]

On 28 January, HMS Diamond intercepted a Houthi drone targeting it.[134] The following day, Houthis claimed they struck the USS Lewis B. Puller with a missile in the Gulf of Aden. An American defense official rejected the claim.[135] The UKMTO reported the same day that a merchant vessel was suspiciously approached by three small boats, who got as close as one nautical mile, 44 nautical miles west of Al-Mukha. The merchant vessel's security crew fired warning shots to deter the small boats, and the vessel was able to safely proceed to its next port of call.[136]

On 30 January, a Houthi missile targeting USS Gravely came within a mile of the naval vessel before being intercepted, the closest any Houthi attack has come to a US warship.[137] The following day, the Houthis claimed they targeted an American merchant ship named Koi with several naval missiles. The security firm Ambrey said the same day that a merchant vessel reported an explosion on its starboard side 69 nautical miles southwest of Aden, but it was not stated if it was the Koi.[138] The USS Carney also shot down three Iranian drones and one Houthi missile over the Gulf of Aden.[139]

Iranian involvement

According to Iranian officials who spoke to Reuters , Iranian personnel are present in Yemen, working in conjunction with Hezbollah militants. Their role involves directing and overseeing Houthi attacks on commercial shipping. The officials further stated that Iran has escalated its provision of advanced drones, anti-ship cruise missiles, precision-strike ballistic missiles, and medium-range missiles to the Houthis, since the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war.[3]

According to US officials who spoke to Semafor, commanders and advisors from Iran's Revolutionary Guards are currently stationed in Yemen, and are directly involved in the Houthi attacks on commercial traffic in the Red Sea. Additionally, the IRGC has also stationed missile and drone trainers and operators in Yemen. The Qods Force, has overseen the transfer of the attack drones, cruise missiles, and medium-range ballistic missiles which have been used in the strikes on Red Sea and Israeli targets in recent weeks.[1]

According to Western intelligence officials, the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps have placed an intelligence gathering ship to guide Houthi attacks on ships that switch off radios and identifiers.[140] According to the Institute for the Study of War, this is likely the Behshad which had replaced the Saviz (which had been used to supply weapons and intelligence to the Houthis until it came under an Israeli limpet mine attack in April 2021).[141] The Iranian frigate Alborz later also entered the Red Sea.[142]

Possible war crimes

The Houthis have claimed they would target ships regardless of whether the ships contained any military targets, which according to Human Rights Watch (HRW) would constitute a war crime. The HRW also noted that the detention of captured crews could be considered hostage-taking if they are detained to compel a third party to do or abstain from any act as a condition for the hostage's release or safety. Hostage-taking would be a violation of international humanitarian law and thus a war crime as well. A statement issued by the HRW called upon the militants to "end their attacks on civilians caught in the crosshairs of their declared war on Israel."[143]

Impact

Houthi attacks have impacted shipping into Israel and local trade, with commercial shipping to the port of Eilat having almost completely ceased. Instead, commercial ships coming from Asia to Israel, as well as some commercial ships not destined for Israel, have started to go around Africa, which makes the journey around three weeks longer while increasing expenses.[144] By 21 December, over 100 container ships have been rerouted to go around Africa, each adding around 6,000 nautical miles to the trip distance.[145]

Another impact of Houthi involvement was that insurance costs for commercial ships that go through the Red Sea have increased; Israeli ships have seen an increase of 250%, and others were unable to get any insurance.[146]

While Israelis would face delays in the supply chain and price hikes, the effects on the Egyptian economy are more severe as shipping through the Suez Canal contributes nearly $9.4 billion to the Egyptian economy which is suffering from a debt crisis made worse by trade disruptions with Israel due to the war in Gaza.[147][148]

Major shipping companies suspended ship traffic through the Red Sea due to the attacks, including MSC,[149] Maersk,[150] CMA CGM,[151] COSCO,[152] Hapag-Lloyd,[153] and Evergreen Marine Corporation.[154] On 18 December, the British multinational oil and gas company BP also suspended all shipments through the Red Sea.[154] Maersk, which holds about 14.8% of the market share in the global container shipping market,[155] announced on 25 December 2023 that it would resume operations soon as a result of Operation Prosperity Guardian.[156] By 30 December, Maersk had resumed Red Sea operations, but again paused them following the attacks on Maersk Guangzhou.[115] On 12 January, Tesla said it would suspend most production from its Grünheide factory, its only factory in Europe, for two weeks starting 29 January due to supply chain issues caused by Houthi attacks.[157][158] Volvo Cars also said it would halt production from its plant in Ghent for three days starting the following week.[159] Shell plc announced a hold on "transit" through the Red Sea.[160]

On 18 December, Evergreen Marine Corporation announced it was suspending its import and export service to Israel because of risk and safety considerations.[161][162] COSCO, the fourth largest shipping company, and its container shipping subsidiary OOCL similarly stopping all services to Israel in early January 2024.[163]

On 21 December, the chief executive of Eilat Port said the port has seen an 85% drop in activity since the Yemeni attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.[164] Many ships instead took a safer route, going around Africa and the Cape of Good Hope,[155] although this route incurs an extra ten days, spends more fuel, and requires more crew time.[165] The suspension of a large volume of trade through the Red Sea led to a decrease in use of the Suez Canal, and was thus a blow to the Egyptian economy.[155]

Qatar has halted tankers of liquefied natural gas through the Bab al-Mandeb Strait after US-led airstrikes on Houthi targets in Yemen increased risks in the strait. Considering that Qatar is Europe's second largest supplier of LNG, the long-term suspension of exports has raised concerns as the winter season begins in Europe.[166]

On 16 January, the British multinational oil and gas company Shell suspended all Red Sea shipments indefinitely due to attacks on commerical vessels.[167] Some ships traveling through the Red Sea began broadcasting "No contact Israel" on their automatic identification system in response to a Houthi request to vessels without ties to Israel.[168][169]

Responses

In the region

In a speech at a manufacturing exposition following the incident of 27 October, President of Egypt Abdel Fattah al-Sisi urged all parties in the Israel–Hamas war to respect Egypt's sovereignty, and emphasized that the Egyptian Army was able to protect the country in case of any more attacks.[170]

In early December 2023, Israel called upon Western allies to respond to threats to maritime shipping from the Houthis; Israeli National Security Advisor Tzachi Hanegbi said that if threats continue, "we will act to remove this blockade."[104] The Southern Transitional Council reportedly said in December 2023 that it was willing to cooperate with Israel to fight against the Houthis.[171] However, Al-Islah, expressed support for the Houthi response to the Israel-Hamas war, despite its opposition to Houthi actions in the Yemeni civil war.[172]

By the Houthis

On 25 January 2024, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi stated, "Our battle aims to support the Palestinian people, and has no other goals," and said that the Houthi's operations would cease once food and medicine was reaching all of Gaza.[173] On 30 January, Houthi commander Mohamed al-Atifi stated, "We are prepared for a long-term confrontation with the forces of tyranny."[174]

Multilateral, U.S.-led operation to deter attacks on merchant shipping

While the U.S. Navy has shot down Houthi rockets and missiles in the Red Sea, it has not retaliated against those firing them.[175][176] In December 2023, after discussions with allies, the US announced the creation of a multilateral naval task force of protective escorts for commercial vessels in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and Gulf of Aden region.[176] The operation, codenamed Operation Prosperity Guardian,[177] was formally launched on 23 December 2023.[165] It is similar to past operations protecting commercial vessels from attack, including in the Arabian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz during the "Tanker War" of the 1980s,[176] and the ongoing maritime security operations of Combined Task Force 153, the U.S. Navy-led task force based in Bahrain.[155] The operation has also been compared to the successful multilateral naval campaign a decade earlier to combat Somali pirates off the Horn of Africa, although the Houthis, unlike the Somali pirates, enjoy Iranian support, and better equipment and technology, such as helicopters, drones, missiles, and speedboats.[178]

France, Italy and India have all independently sent naval assets to the region, with the French frigate Languedoc intercepting drones launched from a Houthi-controlled port while Italy has sent the frigate Virginio Fasan under the Secure Mediterranean operation.[8] India has also sent two Kolkata-class destroyers to strengthen maritime security in the Red sea.[10]

Protests

In mid-January 2024, reports indicated that pro-Palestinian demonstrators in London voiced support for Houthi militants. This occurred shortly after the UK and the US initiated strikes on Houthi targets in response to the group's assaults on ships. Some demonstrators were observed chanting slogans like, "Yemen, Yemen make us proud, turn another ship around," while others displayed signs with messages such as "Hands off Yemen", "Thanks Yemen", and "UK+US wants war. Yemen supports Palestine. Gaza Wants to live".[179]

See also

  • United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war
  • Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)
  • International reactions to the Israel–Hamas war
  • Operation Prosperity Guardian
  • Closure of the Suez Canal (1967–1975)

Notes

  1. ↑ Multiple sources indicate that Iran has deployed personnel to Yemen who are actively involved in attacks on commercial shipping[1][2][3]
  2. ↑ 10 killed, 2 wounded on 31 December.[12] 5 killed, 6 wounded on 12 January.[13]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Solomon, Jay (15 January 2024). "Iran's Revolutionary Guard deployed in Yemen". Semafor. https://www.semafor.com/article/01/15/2024/irans-revolutionary-guard-deployed-in-yemen. 
  2. ↑ Landay, Jonathan (8 December 2023). "Biden aide says Iran helps plan, execute attacks by Yemen's Houthis". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-imposes-sanctions-iran-backed-network-funding-yemens-houthis-2023-12-07/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Nakhoul, Samia; Hafezi, Parisa (20 January 2024). "Exclusive: Iranian and Hezbollah commanders help direct Houthi attacks in Yemen, sources say". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iranian-hezbollah-commanders-help-direct-houthi-attacks-yemen-sources-say-2024-01-20/. 
  4. ↑ "Within 10 days.. 75 Houthis were killed in Western strikes" (in Arabic). Sky News Arabia. 21 January 2024. https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1687013-10-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-75-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9. 
  5. ↑ Mallawarachi, Bharatha (9 January 2024). "Sri Lanka to join US-led naval operations against Houthi rebels in Red Sea" (in en). ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sri-lanka-join-us-led-naval-operations-houthi-106217965. 
  6. ↑ "Yemen's Houthis claim missile attack on Norwegian tanker in tense Middle East". Reuters. 12 December 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cruise-missile-yemen-strikes-tanker-ship-us-officials-2023-12-12/. 
  7. ↑ "French warship intercepts Huthis aerial attack on Norwegian tanker near Red Sea". France24. 12 December 2023. https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231212-french-warship-intercepts-huthis-aerial-attack-on-norwegian-tanker-near-red-sea. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Peruzzi, Luca (20 December 2023). "Italy Sends A FREMM In The Red Sea To Protect International Trade". Naval News (Paris). https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/12/italy-sends-a-fremm-in-the-red-sea-to-protect-international-trade/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Barber, Harriet (16 December 2023). "Israel-Hamas war latest news: British warship shoots down suspected attack drone in Red Sea" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/16/copy-of-israel-hamas-war-latest-news1/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Gupta, Shishir (19 December 2023). "India stations two destroyers off the coast of Aden for maritime security". https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-stations-two-destroyers-off-the-coast-of-aden-for-maritime-security-101702961948164.html. 
  11. ↑ "Pakistan deploys warships in Arabian Sea following recent Houthi attacks" (in en). Arab News. 7 January 2024. https://www.arabnews.com/node/2437451/pakistan. 
  12. ↑ "US strikes on Houthis in Red Sea killed 10 rebels: Yemen port sources". The Times of Israel. 31 December 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/us-strikes-on-houthis-in-red-sea-killed-10-rebels-yemen-port-sources/. 
  13. ↑ "US, Britain carry out strikes against Houthis in Yemen". Reuters. 12 January 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/us-britain-carry-out-strikes-against-houthis-yemen-officials-2024-01-11/. 
  14. ↑ "Pakistan deploys warships in Arabian Sea following recent Houthi attacks" (in en). Arab News. 7 January 2024. https://www.arabnews.com/node/2437451/pakistan. 
  15. ↑ Nereim, Vivian; Cooper, Helene; Fuller, Thomas (13 January 2024). "U.S. Strikes Against Houthis in Yemen for Second Day, as Conflict Escalates". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/12/world/middleeast/houthis-yemen-us-strikes-retaliation.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Two US Navy Seals declared dead after raid to seize Iranian weapons bound for Houthis" (in en-GB). The Guardian. 22 January 2024. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/22/us-military-navy-seals-death-raid-iranian-weapons-seized-houthis-yemen-middle-east-crisis-red-sea-uss-lewis-puller. 
  17. ↑ Partington, Richard (3 January 2024). "What is the Red Sea crisis, and what does it mean for global trade?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/what-is-the-red-sea-crisis-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade. 
  18. ↑ LaRocco, Lori Ann (3 January 2024). "Red Sea crisis boosts shipping costs, delays – and inflation worries". https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/03/red-sea-crisis-shipping-costs-delays-inflation.html. 
  19. ↑ References for this being a US-Iran proxy war:
  20. ↑ "US Navy helicopters fire at Yemen's Houthi rebels and kill several in latest Red Sea shipping attack". Associated Press. 31 December 2023. https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-red-sea-shipping-centcom-us-bb70acea5062a9952a5b983ecc047863. 
  21. ↑ Partington, Richard (3 January 2024). "What is the Red Sea crisis, and what does it mean for global trade?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/what-is-the-red-sea-crisis-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade. Retrieved 9 January 2024. 
  22. ↑ LaRocco, Lori Ann (3 January 2024). "Red Sea crisis boosts shipping costs, delays – and inflation worries". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/03/red-sea-crisis-shipping-costs-delays-inflation.html. Retrieved 9 January 2024. 
  23. ↑ Diakun, Bridget; Raanan, Tomer (15 December 2023). "Houthis target tenth ship in Red Sea as attacks turn increasingly indiscriminate". Lloyd's List. https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1147633/Houthis-target-tenth-ship-in-Red-Sea-as-attacks-turn-increasingly-indiscriminate. 
  24. ↑ "Red Sea crisis: What it takes to reroute the world's biggest cargo ships on a 4,000 mile detour". BBC. 21 January 2024. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240119-red-sea-crisis-how-global-shipping-is-being-rerouted-out-of-danger. Retrieved 22 January 2024. 
  25. ↑ "US names campaign to target Houthis in Yemen "Operation Poseidon Archer"". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-01-22-24/h_bcea34adfb7d01899d1d59278a3a9bfe. 
  26. ↑ Bayoumy, Yara; Ghobari, Mohammed (15 December 2014). "Iranian support seen crucial for Yemen's Houthis" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-houthis-iran-insight-idUSKBN0JT17A20141215. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Copp, Tara; Baldor, Lolita (19 October 2023). "US military shoots down missiles and drones as it faces growing threats in volatile Middle East". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/yemen-navy-warship-missiles-intercepted-2f5fc9c8a3737f762b29d5c53ec08a5b. 
  28. ↑ "Yemen's Houthis say Red Sea attacks do not threaten peace with Riyadh". Reuters. 11 January 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemens-houthis-say-un-resolution-navigation-red-sea-is-political-game-2024-01-11/. 
  29. ↑ "By bombing Yemen, the west risks repeating its own mistakes". The Guardian. 12 January 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/12/yemen-houthi-militia-israel-gaza-red-sea. 
  30. ↑ Michaelis, Tamar (10 December 2023). "Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, national security adviser says". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/09/middleeast/israel-houthi-yemen-warning-intl-hnk/index.html. 
  31. ↑ "Iran warns proxy groups like the Houthis could expand operations against Israel" (in en-US). 1 November 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/iran-warns-proxy-groups-like-the-houthis-could-expand-operations-against-israel/. 
  32. ↑ "Yemen's Houthi rebels claim to launch major drone attack on Israel" (in en-US). 1 November 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemens-houthi-rebels-claim-to-launch-major-drone-attack-on-israel/. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Interview: Inside the Houthi arsenal that can reach Israel" (in en). https://amwaj.media/media-monitor/interview-inside-the-houthi-arsenal-that-can-reach-israel. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Jalal, Ibrahim. "The Houthis' Red Sea missile and drone attack: Drivers and implications" (in en). https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-red-sea-missile-and-drone-attack-drivers-and-implications. 
  35. ↑ Liebermann, Oren (20 October 2023). "Incident involving US warship intercepting missiles near Yemen lasted 9 hours". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/20/politics/us-warship-intercept-missiles-near-yemen/index.html. 
  36. ↑ "IntelBrief: Houthi Involvement in Mideast War Hinders Prospects for a Yemen Settlement" (in en). 8 November 2023. https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2023-november-8/. 
  37. ↑ Hassan, Ahmed Mohamed; Williams, Dan (27 October 2023). "Drone blasts hit two Egyptian Red Sea towns, Israel points to Houthi" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/explosion-heard-egyptian-red-sea-town-near-israeli-border-witness-2023-10-27/. 
  38. ↑ "Blasts hit two Egyptian Red Sea towns near Israel border, six injured" (in en). Al Jazeera English. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/missile-strikes-egypts-taba-resort-town-near-israel-border. 
  39. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (27 October 2023). "Missile that hit Egypt likely came from Yemen, IDF indicates; 2nd Sinai impact reported". The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/missile-that-egypt-likely-came-from-yemen-idf-says-as-second-sinai-impact-reported/. 
  40. ↑ "Yemen's Houthi rebels appear to threaten Israel: 'Eilat'". The Times of Israel. 28 October 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemens-houthi-rebels-appear-to-threaten-israel-eilat/. 
  41. ↑ Nereim, Vivian; Al-Batati, Saeed (31 October 2023). "Yemen's Houthi militia claims to have launched an attack on Israel." (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/world/middleeast/yemen-houthi-militia-israel.html. 
  42. ↑ Malyasov, Dylan (2 November 2023). "Israel shoots down Houthi cruise missiles using F-35i Adir fighter jets". Defence Blog. https://defence-blog.com/israel-shoots-down-houthi-drones-using-f-35i-adir-fighter-jets/. 
  43. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (1 November 2023). "In first, Arrow downs Eilat-bound missile from 'Red Sea area'; Houthis claim attack" (in en-US). https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-arrow-system-used-to-down-missile-from-red-sea-houthis-claim-uav-attack/. 
  44. ↑ Barber, Harriet (4 November 2023). "How Israel shot down a ballistic missile in space for the first time" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/11/04/how-israel-shot-down-ballistic-missile-in-space-houthis/. 
  45. ↑ "Houthis Claim Responsibility for Attack on Israel" (in en). 1 November 2023. https://english.aawsat.com/node/4640901. 
  46. ↑ Watson, Eleanor (8 November 2023). "U.S. MQ-9 Drone shot down off the coast of Yemen". https://www.cbsnews.com/news/u-s-mq-9-drone-shot-down-off-yemen-coast/. 
  47. ↑ "Israel strikes Syria after drone hits southern Eilat city – Israeli military" (in en). Reuters. 9 November 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-says-unidentified-drone-hits-southern-city-eilat-2023-11-09/. 
  48. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (9 November 2023). "Israel's Arrow 3 has made its 1st-ever interception, downing likely Yemen-fired missile". https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israels-arrow-3-has-made-its-1st-ever-interception-downing-likely-yemen-fired-missile/. 
  49. ↑ "Yemen's Houthis say they fired ballistic missiles towards Israel". 14 November 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/yemens-houthis-say-they-fired-ballistic-missiles-towards-israel. 
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  54. ↑ "Israeli strike behind blast at Houthi weapons depot in Yemen's capital — report". The Times of Israel. 1 December 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-strike-behind-blast-at-houthi-weapons-depot-in-yemens-capital-report/. 
  55. ↑ "Yemen's Houthis say they launched ballistic missiles at Israel" (in en). Reuters. 6 December 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/uk-maritime-agency-received-reports-suspected-drone-incident-southern-red-sea-2023-12-06/. 
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  58. ↑ "Egypt forces intercept, down flying object off Dahab coast". Ahram Online. 16 December 2023. https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1237/514124/Egypt/Defence/Egypt-forces-intercept,-down-flying-object-off-Dah.aspx. Retrieved 16 December 2023. 
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  70. ↑ Liebermann, Oren; Britzky, Haley; Bertrand, Natasha; Liptak, Kevin; Marquardt, Alex; Lee, MJ; Hansler, Jennifer (11 January 2024). "US and UK carry out strikes against Iran-backed Houthis in Yemen" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/11/politics/us-strikes-houthis-yemen/index.html. 
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  73. ↑ "US, UK Strike Back at Several Houthi Sites in Yemen" (in en). 11 January 2024. https://www.voanews.com/a/us-uk-strike-back-at-several-houthi-sites-in-yemen-/7436803.html. 
  74. ↑ "US military strikes another Houthi-controlled site after warning ships to avoid parts of Red Sea" (in en). https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/us-led-strikes-yemeni-rebels-draw-attention-back-106314238. 
  75. ↑ "US military strikes another Houthi-controlled site after warning ships to avoid parts of Red Sea" (in en). 12 January 2024. https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-us-ship-attacks-bombing-red-sea-iran-cc06d9186a00d1f22bea6b9c14dda12a. 
  76. ↑ "Houthis report fresh US-British airstrikes on Yemen's Hodeida". Al Arabiya. 14 January 2024. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/01/14/Houthis-report-fresh-US-British-airstrikes-on-Yemen-s-Hodeida. 
  77. ↑ "US attack reported on Yemeni Red Sea port city amid Houthi threat" (in en-US). 14 January 2024. https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-782147. 
  78. ↑ "US denies Houthi reports of fresh strikes in Yemen". Agence France-Presse. Al-Monitor. 14 January 2024. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/01/us-denies-houthi-reports-fresh-strikes-yemen. Retrieved 14 January 2024. 
  79. ↑ "Yemen Houthi rebels fire missile at US warship in Red Sea in first attack after American-led strikes" (in en). 15 January 2024. https://apnews.com/article/houthis-us-yemen-israel-palestinians-gaza-fa2aefc86ae002e73081e6ac1b772610. 
  80. ↑ "Exclusive: US targets Houthi anti-ship missiles in new strike on Yemen, officials say". Reuters. 16 January 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-targets-houthi-anti-ship-missiles-new-strike-yemen-officials-2024-01-16/. 
  81. ↑ Watson, Eleanor (17 January 2024). "U.S. launches fourth round of strikes in a week against Houthi targets in Yemen" (in en-US). https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-strikes-houthi-rebels-yemen-fourth-time/. 
  82. ↑ "US military launches another barrage of missiles against Houthi sites in Yemen" (in en). 18 January 2024. https://apnews.com/article/houthis-strike-missile-us-yemen-e559299983f2f9251e5c140d1d1db768. 
  83. ↑ Martinez, Luis (22 January 2024). "US, UK stage multiple airstrikes against Iran-backed Houthi militants in Yemen" (in en). https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-uk-stage-multiple-airstrikes-iran-backed-houthi/story?id=106571848. 
  84. ↑ "US and UK launch fresh strikes on Houthis in Yemen" (in en-GB). 22 January 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68064422. 
  85. ↑ "BREAKING: Yemen's Houthi rebels says they have clashed with a number of US destroyers and warships in the Gulf of Aden and Bab al-mandab strait" (Post on 𝕏). Faytuks News. 24 January 2024. https://twitter.com/Faytuks/status/1750260791960387920. Retrieved 24 January 2024. 
  86. ↑ Friden, Liz (24 January 2024). "FACT CHECK: Reports the Houthi's successfully hit a U.S. Navy ship are not true, U.S. defense officials tell Fox News. "We've received no reports of attacks on U.S. warships," one of the officials said, adding this is something they would have immediately been notified of." (Post on 𝕏). Washington, D.C.: Fox News. https://twitter.com/Liz_Friden/status/1750269495061488002. Retrieved 24 January 2024. 
  87. ↑ "Danish frigate departs for the Red Sea to assist US-led operation". Reuters. 29 January 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/danish-frigate-departs-red-sea-assist-us-led-operation-2024-01-29/. 
  88. ↑ "EU to launch a Red Sea naval mission within 3 weeks to protect ships from continued Houthi attacks" (in en). 31 January 2024. https://apnews.com/article/red-sea-houthis-naval-mission-trade-eu-9f779d51f6fe3ebd8df0032c92221817. 
  89. ↑ "EU's Red Sea mission set to launch in mid-February, officials confirm" (in en). 31 January 2024. https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-red-sea-mission-could-launch-february-17/. 
  90. ↑ "Japan condemns Yemen's Houthi rebels hijack of cargo ship in Red Sea" (in en-GB). BBC News. 20 November 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67470711. 
  91. ↑ Gambrell, Jon (22 November 2023). "Yemen rebels' helicopter-borne attack on ship raises risks in Red Sea". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-red-sea-ship-yemen-houthis-65b611ff878a411900037e7c9a8ee17b. 
  92. ↑ "Yemen's Houthis say will target all ships owned, operated by Israeli companies". 19 November 2023. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/11/19/Yemen-s-Houthi-to-target-all-ships-owned-operated-by-Israeli-companies. 
  93. ↑ "Seized Galaxy Leader ship in Yemen's Hodeidah port area -owner". Reuters. 20 November 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/seized-galaxy-leader-ship-yemens-hodeidah-port-area-owner-2023-11-20/. 
  94. ↑ "Yemen's Houthis hijack Israeli-linked ship in Red Sea, take 25 crew members hostage". 19 November 2023. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/11/19/Israeli-ship-reportedly-hijacked-by-Yemen-s-Houthis-in-Red-Sea. 
  95. ↑ Gambrell, Jon (25 November 2023). "An Israeli-owned ship was targeted in suspected Iranian attack in Indian Ocean, US official tells AP". Associated Press News. https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-ship-drone-attack-symi-39929cae42a191b2f242896a053123a7. 
  96. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (25 November 2023). "IDF says it shot down a drone over Red Sea heading toward Eilat". The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-shot-down-a-drone-over-red-sea-heading-toward-eilat/. 
  97. ↑ Gambrell, Jon. "Israeli-linked oil tanker seized off the coast of Aden, Yemen, intelligence firm says". https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/israeli-linked-oil-tanker-seized-off-coast-aden-105160009. 
  98. ↑ Gambrell, Jon (26 November 2023). "US Navy seizes attackers who held Israel-linked tanker. Missiles from rebel-controlled Yemen follow". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-yemen-ship-attack-526842504dc9f6bb7ca6e1d5104f77a3. 
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  100. ↑ Seligman, Lara (27 November 2023). "Pentagon: Suspected Somali pirates behind cargo ship attack in the Middle East". Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/11/27/pentagon-somali-pirates-attack-00128712. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 "3 commercial ships hit by missiles in Houthi attack in Red Sea, US warship downs 3 drones". Associated Press. 3 December 2023. https://apnews.com/article/red-sea-houthi-yemen-ships-attack-israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip-716770f0a780160e9abed98d3c48fbde?taid=656ca7c035aad000013d39e8. 
  102. ↑ Cooper, Helene (3 December 2023). "U.S. Navy Destroyer Is Attacked in Red Sea, Pentagon Says". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/03/world/middleeast/navy-red-sea-attack-pentagon.html. 
  103. ↑ Stewart, Phil; Awadalla, Nadine (12 December 2023). "Yemen's Houthis claim attack on Norwegian tanker". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cruise-missile-yemen-strikes-tanker-ship-us-officials-2023-12-12/. 
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 Gambrell, Jon (12 December 2013). "A missile fired by Yemen's Houthi rebels strikes a Norwegian-flagged tanker in the Red Sea". Associated Press News. https://apnews.com/article/yemen-ship-attack-houthi-rebels-red-sea-946b40e6393af6216c0b6ef734311be9. 
  105. ↑ "US shoots down 'aerial vehicle' launched from Yemen's Houthi-held area". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/13/missiles-from-houthi-controlled-yemen-target-another-commercial-tanker-ap. 
  106. ↑ "Missile fired from rebel-controlled Yemen misses a container ship in Bab el-Mandeb Strait". 14 December 2023. https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-ship-attack-missile-israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip-b2478db9aaad81ca447e6a393480f9a8. 
  107. ↑ National, The (15 December 2023). "Israel-Gaza war live: Houthis claim attacks on ships in Red Sea". https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2023/12/15/live-israel-gaza-war-yahya-sinwar-hamas/. 
  108. ↑ "Cargo ship in the Red Sea hit and set ablaze by projectile launched from Yemen". https://www.timesofisrael.com/cargo-ship-in-the-red-sea-hit-and-set-ablaze-by-a-projectile-launched-from-yemen. 
  109. ↑ "Yemen's Houthis say they attack two more vessels in the Red Sea". 18 December 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/18/oil-tanker-m-v-swan-atlantic-hit-by-houthi-projectile-in-the-red. 
  110. ↑ "Tanker hit off India coast by drone from Iran – US" (in en-GB). 23 December 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67811929. 
  111. ↑ "Houthis Claim Responsibility for Attack Against Commercial Vessel MSC United" (in en-US). 26 December 2023. https://theatlasnews.co/conflict/2023/12/26/houthis-claim-responsibility-for-attack-against-commercial-vessel-msc-united/. 
  112. ↑ "Houthi Rebels Attack Container Ship in Red Sea Conflict". Bloomberg.com. 26 December 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-26/container-ship-attacked-by-houthi-rebels-in-ongoing-red-sea-conflict. 
  113. ↑ Guerry, Yannick (26 December 2023). "MSC container ship attacked in Red Sea, owner confirms". https://www.tradewindsnews.com/containers/msc-container-ship-attacked-in-red-sea-owner-confirms/2-1-1576414. 
  114. ↑ "MSC Statement on MSC UNITED VIII Incident in Red Sea". https://www.msc.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2023/msc-statement-on-msc-united-viii-incident-in-red-sea. 
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Durbin, Adam (31 December 2023). "US Navy helicopters destroy Houthi boats in Red Sea after attempted hijack". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67851897. 
  116. ↑ "Houthis fire missile into Gulf of Aden; no damage reported -US military". Reuters. 11 January 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/houthis-fire-missile-into-gulf-aden-no-damage-reported-us-military-2024-01-11/. 
  117. ↑ "Yemen: US and UK carry out strikes against Iran-backed Houthis" (in en). 11 January 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/11/politics/us-strikes-houthis-yemen/index.html. "A US official said the missile was fired towards the M/T Khalissa in the Gulf of Aden." 
  118. ↑ "Missile fired toward vessel near Yemen coast – UKMTO" (in en-US). 12 January 2024. https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-781947. 
  119. ↑ "Houthis mistakenly attack tanker carrying Russian oil". Al Arabiya. 12 January 2024. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/01/12/Houthis-mistakenly-attack-tanker-carrying-Russian-oil. 
  120. ↑ Ott, Haley; Reals, Tucker (15 January 2024). "U.S. says Houthi missiles fired at cargo ship, U.S. warship in Red Sea amid strikes against Iran-backed rebels" (in en-US). CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/houthi-rebels-yemen-missile-attacks-uss-laboon-red-sea-cargo-ship/. 
  121. ↑ "US attacks Houthi anti-ship missiles, vessel hit in Red Sea". Reuters. 16 January 2024. https://www.reuters.com/business/red-sea-attack-fears-disrupt-global-trade-patterns-2024-01-16/. 
  122. ↑ "U.S. Destroys Four Anti-Ship Ballistic Missiles in Yemen; Houthis Hit Malta-Flagged Bulk Carrier". USNI News. 16 January 2024. https://news.usni.org/2024/01/16/u-s-destroys-four-anti-ship-ballistic-missiles-in-yemen-houthis-hit-malta-flagged-bulk-carrier. 
  123. ↑ "Houthis say they targeted US ship in Gulf of Aden". https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/17/middle-east-crisis-live-news-updates-israel-gaza-palestine-hamas-war-iran-strike-pakistan-sunni-us-red-sea-crisis-houthi-missile-attack. 
  124. ↑ "US lists Houthis as terrorists, rebels hit another US-operated ship". Reuters. 17 January 2024. https://www.reuters.com/business/business-heads-see-red-sea-tensions-causing-lengthy-trade-dislocation-2024-01-17/. 
  125. ↑ "Indian Navy picks up crew after ship hit off Yemen coast". Reuters. 18 January 2024. https://www.reuters.com/business/indian-navy-rescues-crew-after-attack-ship-off-coast-yemen-2024-01-18/. 
  126. ↑ "Huthis Say US Ship Hit In Gulf Of Aden Attack" (in en-US). https://www.barrons.com/articles/huthis-say-us-ship-hit-in-gulf-of-aden-attack-87978c60. 
  127. ↑ "US denies Houthis claim of attack on US military cargo ship" (in en). https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/22/us-denies-yemens-houthis-claim-of-attack-on-us-military-cargo-ship. 
  128. ↑ Raanan, Tomer (24 January 2024). "Maersk suspends US-flag operations in Red Sea after two ships targeted". https://lloydslist.com/LL1148047/Maersk-suspends-US-flag-operations-in-Red-Sea-after-two-ships-targeted. 
  129. ↑ "Maersk Line Ltd. Quits Red Sea After Attack on U.S.-Flag Ships". 24 January 2024. https://maritime-executive.com/article/maersk-reports-attack-near-two-u-s-flag-ships-off-yemen. 
  130. ↑ "U.S. CENTCOM Destroys Two Houthi Terrorists' Anti-Ship Missile". CENTCOM. 23 January 2024. https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3654050/us-centcom-destroys-two-houthi-terrorists-anti-ship-missile/. 
  131. ↑ "Yemen's Houthis fire missile toward USS Carney, CENTCOM says". https://www.foxnews.com/us/yemens-houthis-fire-missile-toward-uss-carney-centcom-says.amp. 
  132. ↑ Gregory, James (26 January 2024). "Houthis attack British-linked tanker Marlin Luanda in Gulf of Aden". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-68110358. 
  133. ↑ "Crew extinguish fire on tanker hit by Houthi missile off Yemen after US targets rebels in airstrike" (in en). 27 January 2024. https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-red-sea-israel-hamas-war-attacks-f36fc8911e069a5b4dbc4d9e67f31e50. 
  134. ↑ "UK navy ship shoots down Houthi drone in Red Sea" (in en-GB). 28 January 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68122944. 
  135. ↑ "Yemen's Houthi rebels say they attacked U.S. warship without evidence; American official rejects claim" (in en). 29 January 2024. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/yemen-s-houthi-rebels-say-they-attacked-u-s-warship-without-evidence-american-official-rejects-claim-1.6746204. 
  136. ↑ "Merchant vessel approached by 'three small craft' west of Yemen" (in en-US). 29 January 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/ukmto-says-merchant-vessel-approached-by-three-small-craft-west-yemens-al-mukha-2024-01-29/. 
  137. ↑ "US warship had close call with Houthi missile in Red Sea" (in en). 31 January 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/31/politics/us-warship-close-call-houthi-missile/index.html. 
  138. ↑ "Yemen's Houthis say they targeted US merchant vessel -statement". Reuters. 31 January 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemens-houthis-say-they-targeted-us-merchant-vessel-statement-2024-01-31/. 
  139. ↑ Fortinsky, Sarah (1 February 2024). "US military shoots down Iranian drones, Houthi missiles, over Gulf of Aden" (in en-US). https://thehill.com/policy/defense/4441387-us-military-shoots-iranian-drones-houthi-missiles-gulf-aden/. 
  140. ↑ "Iranian Spy Ship Helps Houthis Direct Attacks on Red Sea Vessels". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iranian-spy-ship-helps-houthis-direct-attacks-on-red-sea-vessels-d6f7fd40. 
  141. ↑ "Iran Update, December 22, 2023". https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-december-22-2023. 
  142. ↑ "Iranian warship Alborz enters Red Sea amid tensions: State media". Al Arabiya English. 1 January 2024. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/01/01/Iranian-warship-Alborz-enters-Red-Sea-amid-tensions-State-media. 
  143. ↑ "Yemen: Houthis Attack Civilian Ships | Human Rights Watch". Human Rights Watch. 13 December 2023. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/13/yemen-houthis-attack-civilian-ships. 
  144. ↑ Ravid, Barak (15 December 2023). "U.S. warns Houthis to stop attacks in Red Sea". https://www.axios.com/2023/12/14/us-warns-yemens-houthis-stop-red-sea-attacks. 
  145. ↑ Jolly, Jasper (20 December 2023). "More than 100 container ships rerouted from Suez canal to avoid Houthi attacks". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/dec/20/more-than-100-container-ships-rerouted-suez-canal-red-sea-houthi-attacks-yemen. 
  146. ↑ Bonell, Courtney; McHugh, David (14 December 2023). "How are Houthi seizures in the vital Red Sea shipping lane impacting global trade?". https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-are-houthi-seizures-in-the-vital-red-sea-shipping-lane-impacting-global-trade/. 
  147. ↑ "The $9.4 billion dilemma: Egypt will need to act against Houthis to protect Suez Canal" (in en). ctech. 18 December 2023. https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/hkpbd00alp. 
  148. ↑ "Egypt could be big casualty of Houthi attacks on Israel" (in en). Globes. 12 May 2023. https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-egypt-could-be-big-casualty-of-houthi-attacks-on-israel-1001464217. 
  149. ↑ LaRocco, Lori Ann (16 December 2023). "MSC, the world's largest shipping carrier, joins shipping giants Hapag-Lloyd and Maersk in Red Sea travel pause amid attacks". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/15/shipping-giants-hapag-lloyd-and-maersk-pause-red-sea-travel.html. Retrieved 16 December 2023. 
  150. ↑ "Maersk to pause all container ship traffic through the Red Sea". Reuters. 15 December 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/maersk-pause-all-container-shipments-through-red-sea-2023-12-15/. Retrieved 16 December 2023. 
  151. ↑ "More shipping giants suspend passage via Red Sea after attacks". Al Monitor. 16 December 2023. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/12/more-shipping-giants-suspend-passage-red-sea-after-attacks-0. Retrieved 16 December 2023. 
  152. ↑ "Chinese Shipping Giant COSCO Halts Red Sea Transit Amid Attacks" (in en). Caixin Global. 19 December 2023. https://www.caixinglobal.com/2023-12-19/chinese-shipping-giant-cosco-halts-red-sea-transit-amid-attacks-102147692.html. 
  153. ↑ "Shipping firms suspend Red Sea traffic after Yemen rebel strikes". The Japan Times. 16 December 2023. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/12/16/world/shipping-red-sea-halt/. Retrieved 16 December 2023. 
  154. ↑ 154.0 154.1 Jones, Lora (18 December 2023). "BP pauses all Red Sea shipments after rebel attacks". https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-67748605. 
  155. ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 155.3 Wintour, Patrick (17 December 2023). "US to announce expanded protection force for Red Sea shipping". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/17/us-to-announce-expanded-protection-force-for-red-sea-shipping. 
  156. ↑ "Shipping giant Maersk prepares to resume operations in Red Sea". 24 December 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/24/shipping-giant-maersk-prepares-to-resume-operations-in-red-sea.html. Retrieved 25 December 2023. 
  157. ↑ Cooban, Anna (12 January 2024). "Tesla to pause German production over Red Sea disruption" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/12/business/tesla-germany-production-halt-red-sea/index.html. 
  158. ↑ Capoot, Ashley; Kolodny, Lora (12 January 2024). "Tesla stock down on Red Sea delays, rising labor costs and price cuts" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/12/tesla-stock-down-on-red-sea-delays-price-cuts.html. 
  159. ↑ "Volvo Cars pauses production in Belgium due to Red Sea attacks". Reuters. 12 January 2024. https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/volvo-cars-pauses-production-belgium-due-red-sea-situation-2024-01-12/. 
  160. ↑ "Shell halts Red Sea shipments over attack fears: report". Agence France-Press. 16 January 2024. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/01/shell-halts-red-sea-shipments-over-attack-fears-report. 
  161. ↑ "Evergreen Suspends Israel Shipping Services". Barron's. AFP (Dow Jones). 18 December 2023. https://www.barrons.com/news/evergreen-suspends-israel-shipping-services-40e7f178. 
  162. ↑ Pietsch, Bryan (20 January 2024). "How Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea threaten Israel's economy". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/20/israel-economy-red-sea-houthis/. 
  163. ↑ "Report: COSCO Quits Serving Israel". 7 January 2024. https://maritime-executive.com/article/report-cosco-quits-serving-israel-joining-its-subsidiary-oocl. 
  164. ↑ Rabinovitch, Ari (21 December 2023). "Israel's Eilat Port sees 85% drop in activity amid Red Sea Houthi attacks". https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-eilat-port-sees-85-drop-activity-amid-red-sea-houthi-attacks-2023-12-21/. 
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 Gronholt-pedersen, Jacob (5 January 2024). "Maersk warns of major disruption as it diverts ships away from Red Sea". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/maersk-diverts-vessels-away-red-sea-for-foreseeable-future-2024-01-05/. 
  166. ↑ Stapczynski, Stephen (15 January 2024). "Qatar Pauses Gas Shipments Via Red Sea After US Airstrikes". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-15/qatar-pauses-lng-shipments-via-red-sea-after-us-led-airstrikes. 
  167. ↑ Wallace, Danielle (16 January 2024). "Shell suspends all Red Sea shipments indefinitely amid Houthi attacks from Yemen: report". https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/shell-suspends-all-red-sea-shipments-indefinitely-houthi-attacks-yemen-report. 
  168. ↑ "'No contact Israel': New way ships try to avoid Red Sea trouble". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2636784. 
  169. ↑ "Houthi leader tells ships to deny Israel links on AIS". 8 January 2024. https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1147850/Houthi-leader-tells-ships-to-deny-Israel-links-on-AIS. 
  170. ↑ "Sisi Urges All to Respect Egypt's Sovereignty after Drone Incidents". Asharq Al-Awsat. 28 October 2023. https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4633711-sisi-urges-all-respect-egypts-sovereignty-after-drone-incidents. 
  171. ↑ "Yemen's STC 'ready to work with Israel' against Houthis". 12 December 2023. https://www.newarab.com/news/yemens-stc-ready-work-israel-against-houthis. 
  172. ↑ "Did the Gaza War Deepen the Houthi-Islahi Rapprochement or Bring it to the Surface?". South24. 10 January 2024. https://south24.net/news/newse.php?nid=3744. 
  173. ↑ "Houthis to continue operations until food, medicine reach all of Gaza". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/25/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-kills-9-in-un-shelter-sparking-outrage?update=2648587. 
  174. ↑ "Houthis ready for long-term conflict with US, UK: Commander". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/30/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-forces-detain-dozens-in-un-shelter-raid?update=2662162. 
  175. ↑ Baldor, Lolita (7 December 2023). "Who are the Houthis and why hasn't the US retaliated for their attacks on ships in the Middle East?". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/yemen-attacks-iran-ships-retaliation-15d10ed74c7f3cc7fd36fa0f77f73e54. 
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  177. ↑ Altman, Howard (16 December 2023). "Newly Formed Operation Prosperity Guardian To Protect Red Sea Shipping" (in en). https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/operation-prosperity-guardian-to-protect-red-sea-shipping. 
  178. ↑ Van der Haegen, Jeremy; Zimmermann, Antonia (4 January 2023). "Pirates ahoy: Why battling Houthis will be tougher than Somali raiders". Politico Europe. https://www.politico.eu/article/pirates-west-new-battle-red-sea-houthi-somali-raiders-israel-hamas-war/. 
  179. ↑ Bird, Steve; Parker, Fiona (13 January 2024). "Watch: Pro-Palestinian demonstrators chant support for Houthi rebel attacks" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/13/pro-palestinian-demonstrator-blames-us-israel-hamas-attack/. 



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