Organization:Mexico Federal Police

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Short description: Mexican federal police
Federal Police
Policía Federal
Logo de la Policia Federal.svg
AbbreviationPF
Agency overview
FormedMay 30, 2009
Preceding agencies
  • 1st Military Police Brigade, Mexican Army
  • Mexican Federal Highway Patrol
  • Mexican Federal Attorney Police
  • CISEN counter-intelligence unit
DissolvedOctober 1, 2019
Superseding agencyNational Guard
Employees+ 40.000
Annual budgetUS$34.6 billion (2010)
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agencyMexico
Operations jurisdictionMexico
Governing bodySecretariat of Security and Civilian Protection
General nature
Operational structure
HeadquartersMexico City
Agency executive
  • Luis Rodríguez Bucio, General Commissioner
Parent agencyDepartment of the Interior
Notables
Anniversary
  • Federal Police Day, June 2[1]
Website
[2] (Spanish)

The Federal Police (Spanish: Policía Federal, PF), formerly known as the Policía Federal Preventiva (Federal Preventive Police),[3] was a Mexican national police force. It was under the authority of the Department of Security and Civil Protection. They were sometimes referred to by the slang term "Federales" or "Mexican feds" by some U.S. agents and media. Typically, agents of the Federal Police are heavily armed and wear dark blue, black, or gray combat fatigues. The Federal Police was officially dissolved and absorbed to the National Guard, a new national police institution created by president Andrés Manuel López Obrador, on 1 October 2019.

The Federal Preventive Police was created by the merger of four other federal organizations in 1998 and 1999 in order to better co-ordinate the fight against the growing threat of drug cartels. The agency merged the Federal Highway Police, the Fiscal Police, an Interior Ministry intelligence unit called the Investigation and National Security Center, and military personnel transferred en masse from the Mexican Army's 3rd Military Police Brigade.

On account of its heavily armed agents, its culture, and its origins, the Federal Police as a whole may be considered a gendarmerie. However, two of the seven "divisions" (i.e. branches of service) of the Federal Police have particularly military characteristics: The Federal Forces Division and the Gendarmerie Division. The Gendarmerie Division was created in 2014, and is legally defined as a military/police force within the Federal Police.

There is an investigation division within the Federal Police. Investigation of federal crimes can also be handled by the Federal Ministerial Police directed by the Attorney General of Mexico.[4]

History

Mexico City Federal Police Building.

On May 29, 2009, the Federal Preventive Police name was changed to Federal Police, and some duties were added to it. The Federal Police was created as the main Federal Preventive Police in 1999 by the initiative of President Ernesto Zedillo (1994–2000) to prevent and combat and to enforce the law that drugs will not run around on Mexico's streets. The PF has been assuming its authority in stages over time, as its budget has grown and it has combined and reorganized police departments from major agencies such as those for migration, treasury, and highways. Many large bus stations and airports in Mexico are assigned a PF detachment.

Public Safety Secretary Genaro García Luna hoped to reform the nation's long-troubled police. Among other steps, he consolidated several agencies into a Federal Police force of nearly 25,000.[5]

The Federal Police celebrates its anniversary on July 13 every year (Federal Police Day), with its history dating to 1928 as the successor of the agencies mentioned above.

Mexican Federal Preventive Police

Mexican Federal Preventive Police
Policía Federal Preventiva de Mexico
{{{logocaption}}}
AbbreviationPFP
Agency overview
FormedJanuary 1, 1999
Preceding agency
  • Mexican Federal Highway Patrol
DissolvedMay 30, 2009
Superseding agencyMexico Federal Police
Employees50,000-100,000
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agencyMexico
Operations jurisdictionMexico
General nature
Operational structure
HeadquartersCDMX, Mexico

The Mexican Federal Preventive Police was an agency created from the Mexican Highway Patrol in 1999. It was replaced by the Mexican Federal Police due to corruption problems and bribing issues. On May 30, 2009, the Mexican Federal Police took over the PFP's duties as the Federal Ministerial Police took over the Mexican federal Investigative Agency's duties.

Calderón's administration

When Felipe Calderón took office as president in 2006, there were roughly half a dozen drug cartels in Mexico. Each of the organizations were large and dominated huge parts of Mexico's territorial landscape, and operated internationally and overseas as well.[6] When Calderón assumed the presidency, he realized that he could not rely on the federal police nor the intelligence agencies to restore order and crack down the logistics of the mafias.[6] Over several decades, the cartels had bribed police commanders and top politicians; and often riddled with corruption, state authorities would not only fail to cooperate with other authorities in distinct federal levels, but would actively protect the cartels and their leaders. With limited options available, Calderón turned to the Mexican Armed Forces, which, because of its limited involvement in acting against the cartels, remained relatively immune to corruption and organized crime infiltration.[6] He then moved the military to parts of Mexico most plagued by drug-violence to target, capture, and – if necessary – kill the leaders of the drug trafficking organizations. Yet, the president understood that the military could not fight the cartels alone and needed cops to rely on for patrolling, collecting intelligence information, and gathering evidences necessary to prosecute drug traffickers.[6]

With the argument that he was tired of the corruption, Calderón abolished the AFI agency created in May 2009 and created an entirely new police force.[6] The new force has formed part of Mexico's first national crime information system, which stores the fingerprints of everyone arrested in the country. They also have assumed the role of the Army in several parts of the country. According to The New York Times , the federal police has avoided "any serious incidents of corruption."[6]

On October 21, 2008, President Felipe Calderón proposed to break the former Federal Preventive Police to replace it with a different organization, because "the PFP has not yielded the expected results and has not been a strong institution capable of serving as a model for all police services in the country."[7][8] The new corporation became the Federal Police, and it provides support to the police as to the Federal District, states and municipalities. This decision was said to be not entirely unexpected, given the insufficient number of convictions, the alarming increase of violence, abductions and cases of corruption and complicity with organized crime elements.[9][10][11][12][13][14]

Peña Nieto's administration

In 2012, it was reported that President Enrique Peña Nieto's government had proposed the creation of a new unit to replace all Federal Police duties.[15] Federal Police would not be disbanded but would be assigned to special tasks & missions.[citation needed] Additional information on Mexico's planned Gendarmerie ("The 'National Gendarmerie' and Mexico's Crime Fighting Plans," MexiData.info, Dec. 24, 2012).[16]

The final product is the 2014 creation of the Federal Police's Gendarmerie Division, with 5,000 police agents. Its focus is on providing ongoing public security in areas with heavy criminal activities and providing border security. It is also expected to reinforce state, city and municipal police forces when the need arises. It is one of the seven constituent divisions of the Federal Police reporting directly to the Commissioner, and the newest to be raised.

The National Gendarmerie is defined as a military grade force within the Federal Police.

Lopez Obrador's administration

Before becoming President of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador campaigned on a promise to take the military off the streets of Mexico.[17] Shortly after getting into office, Obrador released a plan to create the National Guard under control of the Mexican Armed Forces which would be in charge of "preventing and combating crime".[17][18] Obrador stated that the new National Guard would be critical to solving Mexico's ongoing security crisis.[19][20]

On 28 February, the Mexico's General Congress voted to approve a 60,000-member national guard.[20] On 30 June 2019, the National Guard was officially established in the Constitution of Mexico.[21]

The new National Guard, de facto successor to a similar formation raised in 1821 and abolished in 1935, is composed today of personnel from[citation needed] parts of both the National Gendarmerie and Federal Forces Divisions of the Federal Police.

Institutional goals

Vision

The "Policia Ministerial de Sinaloa" counts on with 6 helicopters in order to cooperate with the GOPES (Special Operations Group) missions.

Being an institution to be committed to the society in preventing crime and fighting crime, preserving the integrity and heritage of the people, peace and order and the rule of law, whose principles would be efficiency, professionalism and honesty, with full respect for human rights. Maintain and strengthen the social communications strategy and media relations that allows the dissemination of timely and accurate actions and work of the Federal Police.

Strategy

The PF was established as a central element of the strategy against organized crime and criminality in Mexico, not only to prevent crimes and federal jurisdiction at the federal level, but to become an institution of excellence, capable of cooperating with local police and prosecutors in investigating the crimes of high social impact. The strategic objectives are:

  • Compliance with legal framework to combat organized crime and drugs.
  • The establishment of the National System of Public Security.
  • The evaluation and adjustment of the strategy for drug control in Mexico.

On July 10, 2008, the Mexican government announced the intention of doubling the number of policemen in the PF to escalate the war against drug trafficking. The recruitment campaign has already begun and includes the university community.[22][23]

Strategic objectives

  • Preventing and combating crime commission to ensure peace and public order.
  • Fight corruption, to purify and dignify the police.
  • Strengthen the professionalism of the members of the Institution.
  • Improve public perception of the institutional activities.
  • Promote citizen participation in crime prevention.
  • Consolidated as the country's largest institution in the field.
  • Strengthen its organizational structure and functional.
  • Manage resources efficiently.
  • Increase and strengthen the operational deployment at the national level.
  • Strengthening intelligence activities.
  • Strengthen inter-agency coordination mechanisms with the three levels of government.
  • Promote the updating of the legal framework.
  • Strengthen and upgrade the technological infrastructure.

Institutional development

The 'Integral Strategy for Crime Prevention and Fight against Crime "is based on a process of reengineering to organizational development, as well as systems and processes in organizational performance, with a cross through the professionalization the creation of three academies in the Ministry of Public Security for the purpose of having Mexican committed to legality, efficiency, professionalism and honesty in this current stage of drug influence to the United States.[24]

Basic Police School

To generate the training and training students with high school level.

College research

It is aimed at all those aspiring and active police agents who choose to make them more professional, from academic performance and service in the police pro

Strength

In 2000, the PF had 10,878 agents and staff:

  • 4,899 from the Mexican army's 3rd Brigade of the Military Police (Tercera brigada de policía militar), included two military police battalions and an Assault Battalion.
  • 4,000 from the Federal Highway Police (Policía Federal de Caminos)
  • 1,500 from the Fiscal Police (Policía Fiscal Federal)
  • 600 from the Interior Ministry's Center of National Security And Investigation (Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional) – Mexican intelligence agency.

Organization

Federal Police Day celebration.

Regulation of the Law of the Federal Police in the Official Gazette of May 17, 2010, to establish the basic organizational structure of this Decentralized Administrative Body, Article 5 of that system, comprising a total of 136 seats of middle and senior management, broken 130 seats structure, as shown below:

  • 1 General Commissioner;
  • 7 Divisions: Intelligence Research, Regional Security; Scientific, Drug, Federal and Gendarmerie Forces;
  • 1 General Secretariat;
  • 1 Internal Affairs;
  • 20 Coordination;
  • 66 DGs;
  • 6 DGs in aid to the Chief of the Division of Regional Security;
  • 32 State Coordination at the regional level; and
  • 1 Head of Internal Affairs.

Commissioner General

  • General Vargas Pitt Azian of Legal Affairs
  • Directorate General of Information
  • Directorate General of Social Communication
  • Directorate General of Planning and Coordination

Intelligence Division

  • Coordination of Technical Services
  • General Directorate of Technical Monitoring Center
    • Directorate General of the Center for Risk Alert and Response
    • Directorate General for Development and Operation of Coverage
  • Covert Operations Coordination
    • Directorate General Operations and Infiltration
    • Directorate General of Recruitment and Resource Management
    • Directorate General for Supervision and Surveillance
  • Coordination Analysis and International Liaison
    • Directorate General of Analysis and Statistics
    • Directorate General for International Police Affairs
    • Indicators DG Information Integration

Research Division

  • Research Coordination Office
    • Directorate General of Tactical Analysis
    • General Directorate of Criminal Records and Records
    • Directorate General for Crisis Management and Negotiation
  • Coordination of Field Research
    • DG Research of Crimes against the Security and Integrity of Persons
    • Directorate General for Research of Crimes High Impact
    • DG Research of Federal Crimes
  • Technical Research Coordination and Operation
    • Directorate General of Technical Operations
    • Directorate General of Operational Intelligence
    • Directorate General Tactical Support

Regional Security Division

  • DG Personnel
  • DG Information
  • Directorate General Operations
  • Department of Logistics and Training
  • Directorate General of Planning and Supervision
  • Directorate General of Operational Control
  • State Coordinators (32)
  • Regional Coordination Zones (5)
    • Central Regional Coordination Zone
    • Northeast Regional Coordination Zone
    • Northwest Regional Coordination Zone
    • West Regional Coordination Zone
    • Southeast Regional Coordination Zone

Scientific Division

  • For the Prevention of Electronic Crimes
    • Department Cyber Crimes Prevention
    • CERT-MX – Centre of Expertise in Technological Response (Centro Especializado en Respuesta Tecnológica)
    • DG Laboratories in Electronics and Forensic Investigation
  • Coordination of Technological Innovation
    • Directorate General for Emerging Information Technologies
    • Department of Infrastructure and Implementation of Technological Processes
    • Directorate General for Innovation and Development
  • Coordination of Criminology
    • Directorate General of Criminal Behavior
    • DG Laboratories
    • DG Specialties

Drug Division

  • Drug Research Coordination Office
    • Tactical Analysis Directorate General of Drug
    • Directorate General of Records and Registration of Drug Trafficking and Related Crimes
    • Liaison Department and Institutional Cooperation
    • Field Research Coordination and Technical Drug
    • Directorate General of Technical Operation Drug
    • Directorate General of Drug Intelligence Operations
    • Directorate General Tactical Support against Drug Trafficking and Related Crimes
  • Research Coordination Illicit Resources
    • Directorate General of Tactical Analysis of Crimes Financial System
    • Financial Intelligence Directorate for Prevention
    • Prevention Directorate General Operations Illicit Resources

Federal Forces Division

  • Coordination for Law and Order Restoration
    • Directorate General for Force Protection
    • Directorate General for Rescue Operations and Civil Support
    • Directorate General of Prison Transfers and Support
  • Coordination of Immediate Quick Reaction Forces
    • Directorate General of Physical Security
    • Directorate General for Quick Action Forces
    • Directorate General of the Canine Units
  • Coordination of Special Operations
    • Directorate General of Intervention
    • Directorate General of Explosives
    • Directorate General of Special Equipment

National Gendarmerie Division

See article: National Gendarmerie (Mexico)

  • Coordination Bureau of the National Gendarmerie
    • Directorate General of Planning and Logistics
    • Directorate General of Strategic Operations and Special Units of the Gendarmerie
    • Directorate General of Social Services and Public Affairs

General Secretary

  • Coordination of General Services
    • Directorate General of Human Resources
    • Directorate General of Financial Resources
    • Department of Material Resources
  • Air Operations Coordination
    • Directorate General Operations
    • Directorate General Maintenance
    • Directorate General for Aviation and Safety Supervision
  • Coordination Technical Support
    • Department of Information
    • Directorate General of Telecommunications
    • Directorate General of Technical Facilities and Maintenance
  • Police Coordination System Development
    • Control Directorate General Trust
    • Directorate General of Civil Service System and Disciplinary
    • Directorate-General for Education and Professionalization

Internal Affairs

  • Directorate General for Internal Oversight Monitoring and
  • Directorate General for Internal Investigation
  • Directorate General Accountability

Internal Control

Superior Academy of Public Security of the Federal Police

  • Directorate General;
  • Directorate-General for Administration;
  • Academic Board;
  • Preceptory address
  • Services Division

Divisions

Vehicles of the Policía Federal in a parade in Tepic

The Policía Federal consists of seven branches of service, known as divisions, administered by a central administration called the General Secretariat (Secretaría General) [25][26]

  • Anti-drug Division – División Antidrogas
  • Scientific Division – División Científica
  • Federal Forces Division – División de Fuerzas Federales
  • Intelligence Division – División de Inteligencia
  • Investigation Division – División de Investigación
  • Regional Security Division – División de Seguridad Regional
  • National Gendarmerie Division – División de Gendarmería Nacional

There is also a separate Internal Affairs Unit (Unidad de Asuntos Internos).

2010 included the Policía Federal approx 35,000 civil servants on.[27] A Comisionado General (General Manager), which is used directly by the President of Mexico, heads with wide-ranging powers the institution.[28] Maribel Cervantes Guerrero broke off in February 2012 Facundo Rosas Rosas, who held this office since 2009 .[29]

The Special Operations Group (GOPES) is the police elite counter terror hostage rescue unit.

Ranks

Rank insignia of the Mexican Federal Police.
Commissioned officers
Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank
Commissaries Inspectors Officers
Mexican Federal Police[30] No equivalent Rango Comisionado General PF.png Rango Comisario General PF.png Rango Comisario Jefe PF.png Rango Comisario PF.png Rango Inspector General PF.png Rango Inspector Jefe PF.png Rango Inspector PF.png Mexico-Police-Subinspector.svg Mexico-Police-Oficial.svg Mexico-Police-Suboficial.svg
Commissioner general
Comisionado General 		Commissary general
Comisario General 		Chief commissary
Comisario Jefe 		Commissary
Comisario 		Inspector general
Inspector General 		Chief inspector
Inspector Jefe 		Inspector
Inspector 		Subinspector
Subinspector 		Officer
Oficial 		Subofficer
Suboficial
Basic scale ladder
Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank
Mexican Federal Police[30] No equivalent
 Mexico-Police-Sargento Primero.svg No equivalent Mexico-Police-Sargento Segundo.svg Mexico-Police-Cabo.svg No equivalent
 Mexico-Police-Policía.svg
Sergeant
Policía Primero 		Senior Constable
Policía Segundo 		Leading Constable
Policía Tercero 		Constable
Policía

The ranks from Commissioner to Commissioner General wear more complex rank insignia involving the seven-pointed star of the Federal Police badge above one to four five-pointed stars placed between two stripes.

Equipment

Weapons

Heckler & Koch USP
Heckler & Koch MP5
FN FAL
Heckler & Koch G3A3
Heckler & Koch MSG90
Heckler & Koch HK21
Mossberg 500

Pistols

  • Beretta 92F2
  • Glock pistol
  • Heckler & Koch USP
  • Jericho 941
  • CZ P-09

Submachine guns

  • Colt 9 mm SMG
  • Heckler & Koch MP5
  • Heckler & Koch MP7
  • Heckler & Koch UMP
  • Uzi

Assault rifles

  • Beretta AR70/90
  • Beretta ARX 160
  • CZ-805 BREN
  • FN FAL
  • Galil ACE
  • Heckler & Koch G3

Sniper rifles

  • Barrett M82
  • DSR-50
  • Heckler & Koch MSG90

Machine guns

Shotguns

Grenade launchers

Transport

The PF has many vehicles; land, sea and air, it is estimated to own more than 17,000 patrol cars. The exact information regarding transport vehicles and aircraft that comprise the fleet of the Federal Police is classified, to protect the life and efficiency of agents.[31]

Rotary wing and fixed wing pilot training takes place in the school of Naval Aviation located on Las Bajadas, Veracruz.[32]

Aircraft

Manufacturer Aircraft Versions Type In Service Origin Notes Image
Fixed-wing aircraft
CASA CASA CN-235 CN-235-400 Transport 2  Spain 1 on order
PF-512 Casa C.235 Policia Federal (7629940848).jpg
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Hydra Technologies Hydra Technologies S4 Ehécatl S4B Observation & Reconnaissance 12  Mexico Will be supported by 3 Elbit Hermes 900
S4ehecatl1.jpg
Elbit Systems Elbit Hermes 450 H-450 Observation & Reconnaissance 4  Israel 10
Hermes 450 in flight.jpg
Helicopters
Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk UH-60M/L Transport & Air Support 13  United States
Día del Policía. 88 Aniversario de la Policía Federal (27677338323).jpg
Mil Mil Mi-17 Mi-171-V Transport & Air Support 3  Russia
Mil Mi-17MTV-1 Hip, Mexico - Police JP6047258.jpg
Eurocopter Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil AS350L1 Reconnaissance & Air Support 10  European Union 3 more ordered
Eurocopter AS 350B3 Squirrel, Mexico - Police JP5968496.jpg
Eurocopter Eurocopter EC120 Colibri EC120 Transport & Reconnaissance 3  European Union
Eurocopter Colibri Policia Nacional.jpg
Bell Helicopter Bell 206 B-206L Transport & Reconnaissance 5  United States 1 loss
Helicóptero de la Policía de México.jpg
Bell Helicopter Bell 412 B-412EP Transport, Air Support & Reconnaissance 3  United States Recently introduced, accompanied by one B-412 from the FAM
Bell 412EP, Mexico - Air Force AN2158278.jpg
MD Helicopters MD 500 MD 530G Reconnaissance & Air Support 7  United States Recently introduced, accompanied by one B-412 from the FAM
1138 Hughes 369 MD-500 Fuerza Aerea Mexicana (7635534028).jpg

See also

  • Attorney General of Mexico
  • Crime in Mexico
  • Federales
  • Grupo de Operaciones Especiales (Mexico)
  • Rurales
  • Mexican Drug War
  • United States Marshals Service

References

  1. ↑ "México conmemora el Día del Policía. La Prensa". Laprensa.com.ni. http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2011/06/02/internacionales/62378. 
  2. ↑ "Comisión Nacional de Seguridad". http://www.ssp.gob.mx/portalWebApp/appmanager/portal/desk?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=contenido3_pfp&nodeId=/BEA%20Repository/366919//archivo&menu=PFP. 
  3. ↑ In a news conference after the Zacatecas prison break in May, spokesman Ricardo Nájera for the Mexican Attorney General stated that the name and acronym PFP (Policia Federal Preventiva) has not been used for a year and a half "Archived copy". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SR_eCjjRA9I. 
  4. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.pgr.gob.mx/prensa/2007/bol12/Feb/b10912.shtm. 
  5. ↑ "L.A. Times". L.A. Times. 2008-09-15. https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexcopsbox15-2008sep15,0,3329902.story?track=rss. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Bonner, Robert C. (15 April 2012). "Cracking the Mexican Cartels". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/16/opinion/16iht-edbonner16.html. 
  7. ↑ Merlos, Andrea (2008-10-22). "Pide Calderón ‘zar’ policiaco" (in es). El Universal. http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/primera/31838.html. 
  8. ↑ Toni, Cano (2008-10-23). "Calderón quiere una policía lejana a los narcos" (in es). Diario Córdoba. http://www.diariocordoba.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=439387. 
  9. ↑ "Relevan a 284 mandos de la Policía Federal Preventiva para depuración" (in es). Notimex. 2007-06-25. http://mx.starmedia.com/noticias/politica/mexico_198794.html. 
  10. ↑ Ravelo, Ricardo (2008-08-17). "Las policias: Improvización, caos, desastre" (in es). Democrata – Norte de Mexico. http://democratanortedemexico.blogspot.com/2008/08/las-policas-improvisacin-caos-desastre.html. 
  11. ↑ Daniel Blancas Madrigal (2006-09-26). "Arrestan a más federales por el caso Martí" (in es). La Cronica de Hoy. http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=387426. 
  12. ↑ Segura Garnica, Jacinto (2007-04-30). "Gatilleros son empelados administrativos de PFP" (in es). El Mexicano. http://www.oem.com.mx/elmexicano/notas/n295242.htm. 
  13. ↑ "Cae mando de PFP por proteger al Rey Zambada" (in es). El Universal. 2008-10-30. http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/163281.html. 
  14. ↑ González, Maria de la Luz (2008-11-04). "Confirma PGR arraigo de ex comisionado de PFP" (in es). El Universal. http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/552550.html. 
  15. ↑ "Is it Worth Creating a Gendarmerie in Mexico? - InSight Crime | Organized Crime in the Americas". InSight Crime. 2012-12-10. http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/worth-creating-gendarmerie-in-mexico. 
  16. ↑ "The 'National Gendarmerie' and Mexico's Crime Fighting Plans". Mexidata.info. 2008-12-15. http://www.mexidata.info/id3526.html. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Sieff, Kevin; Sheridan, Mary Beth (10 June 2019). "Mexico is sending its new national guard to the Guatemala border. The mission is unclear." (in en). The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/with-border-deployment-mexicos-new-national-guard-gets-its-first-big-mission/2019/06/10/91564d14-8ad2-11e9-b6f4-033356502dce_story.html. 
  18. ↑ "Plan Nacional de Paz y Seguridad" (in es). https://lopezobrador.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Plan-Nacional-de-Paz-y-Seguridad_.pdf. 
  19. ↑ "A Look At Mexico's New National Guard" (in en). NPR.org. 13 July 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/07/13/741391138/a-look-at-mexicos-new-national-guard. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Semple, Kirk; Villegas, Paulina (28 February 2019). "Mexico Approves 60,000-Strong National Guard. Critics Call It More of the Same." (in en). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/americas/mexico-amlo-national-guard.html?auth=login-email&login=email&module=inline. 
  21. ↑ Correa, Catalina Pérez (8 August 2019). "México necesita una Guardia Nacional realmente civil" (in es-LA). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/es/2019/08/08/espanol/opinion/guardia-nacional-mexico.html. 
  22. ↑ "Mexico Plan Adds Police To Take On Drug Cartels". Washingtonpost.com. 2008-07-11. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/10/AR2008071002800.html. 
  23. ↑ La Jornada. "convenio con la PFP para reclutar policías". Jornada.unam.mx. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/03/07/index.php?section=politica&article=021n1pol. 
  24. ↑ "Comisión Nacional de Seguridad". http://www.ssp.gob.mx/portalWebApp/appmanager/portal/desk?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=sspN_page_3&nodeId=/BEA%20Repository/276089//archivo&docName=Eje%20cuatro%20%20%20. 
  25. ↑ "Comisión Nacional de Seguridad". http://www.ssp.gob.mx/portalWebApp/wlp.c?__c=7f9. 
  26. ↑ "Comisión Nacional de Seguridad". http://www.cns.gob.mx/portalWebApp/wlp.c?__c=1f402. 
  27. ↑ Alex Gertschen: http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/politik/international/moral_fuer_den_krieg_ohne_absehbares_ende_1.7458708.html
  28. ↑ "Diario Oficial de la Federación. Cámara de Diputados, 1. Juni 2009; retrieved, 15 April 2012 (PDF; 98 kB, spanisch, Gesetzestext)." (PDF). http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lpf/LPF_orig_01jun09.pdf. 
  29. ↑ kheinle (2012-02-13). "Justice in Mexico Project, 13 February 2012". Justiceinmexico.org. http://justiceinmexico.org/2012/02/13/mexico-names-first-female-chief-of-federal-police/. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Promoción de Grados 2016" (in es). Government of Mexico. 18 August 2016. https://www.gob.mx/policiafederal/articulos/promocion-de-grados-2016. 
  31. ↑ Transporte
  32. ↑ "Entrenamiento de pilotos de la PF". Portalaviacion.vuela.com.mx. http://portalaviacion.vuela.com.mx/articulos/enaval.html. 

External links




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