List of Turing Award laureates by university affiliation

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The university affiliations in this list are all official academic affiliations such as degree programs and official academic employment. Non-academic affiliations such as advisory committee and administrative staff are generally excluded. The official academic affiliations fall into three categories: 1) Alumni (graduate & attendee), 2) Long-term academic staff, and 3) Short-term academic staff. Graduates are defined as those who hold Bachelor's, Master's, Doctorate, or equivalent degrees from a university, while attendees are those who formally enrolled in degree programs at a university but did not complete the programs; thus, honorary degrees, summer attendees, exchange students and auditing students are excluded. The category of "Long-term academic staff" consists of tenure/tenure-track and equivalent academic positions, while that of "Short-term academic staff" consists of lecturers (without tenure), postdoctoral researchers, visiting professors/scholars (visitors), and equivalent academic positions. At any university, the specific academic title solely determines the type of affiliation, regardless of the actual time the position was held by a laureate.

Further explanations on "visitors" under "Short-term academic staff" are now presented. 1) All informal/personal visits are excluded from the list; 2) all employment-based visiting positions, which carry teaching/research duties, are included as affiliations in the list; 3) as for award-based visiting positions, to minimize controversy this list takes a conservative view and includes the positions as affiliations only if the awardees were required to assume employment-level duty (teaching/research) or the awardees specifically classified the visiting positions as "appointment" or similar in reliable sources such as their curriculum vitae. In particular, attending meetings and giving public lectures, talks or non-curricular seminars are employment-level duties. Finally, summer visitors are generally excluded from the list unless summer work yielded significant end products such as research publications and components of Turing-winning work, since summer terms are not part of formal academic years; the same rule applies to extension schools of universities.

The number following a person's name is the year he/she received the Turing Award; in particular, a number with asterisk (*) means the person received the award while he/she was working at the institution (including emeritus staff) containing that asterisk. A name underlined implies that this person has been listed for a same institution previously (i.e., multiple affiliations). If a person had multiple positions under one category, only the position with highest rank is considered.

This list, together with the List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation and List of Fields Medal winners by university affiliation, presents the university affiliations of people who have won highest honors in fundamental academic disciplines.

Summary of results

Top 15 universities worldwide since 1966

According to Wikipedia policies on no original research and objectivity/neutrality, it is impossible in Wikipedia to assign various weights to different types of affiliations. Hence, all types of affiliations count equally in the following table and throughout the whole page.

Rank University Total Normalized[Note 1] Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff Overlap[Note 2]
1 Stanford University United States 27 100.0 9 15 12 -9
2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States 26 96.3 6 16 11 -7
3 University of California, Berkeley United States 25 92.6 11 12 11 -9
4 Harvard University United States 14 51.9 9 5 4 -4
5 Carnegie Mellon University United States 13 48.1 5 9 1 -2
Princeton University United States 13 48.1 8 4 2 -1
7 New York University United States 8 29.6 3 2 3 0
8 University of Cambridge United Kingdom 7 25.9 5 2 3 -3
9 California Institute of Technology United States 6 22.2 6 2 0 -2
University of Michigan United States 6 22.2 4 0 2 0
University of Oxford United Kingdom 6 22.2 3 3 2 -2
12 University of California, Los Angeles United States 5 18.5 2 1 1 0
University of Toronto Canada 5 18.5 1 3 2 -1
14 Cornell University United States 4 14.8 1 3 0 0
University of Chicago United States 4 14.8 3 0 1 0

Top 10 universities worldwide since 2000

According to Wikipedia policies on no original research and objectivity/neutrality, it is impossible in Wikipedia to assign various weights to different types of affiliations. Hence, all types of affiliations count equally in the following table and throughout the whole page.

Rank University Total Normalized[Note 3] Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff Overlap
1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States 15 100.0 2 11 4 -2
2 Stanford University United States 10 66.7 5 5 4 -4
3 University of California, Berkeley United States 9 60.0 5 4 2 -2
4 Carnegie Mellon University United States 4 26.7 1 2 1 0
Harvard University United States 4 26.7 2 2 0 0
New York University United States 4 26.7 2 1 1 0
Princeton University United States 4 26.7 2 1 1 0
University of California, Los Angeles United States 4 26.7 2 1 1 0
University of Cambridge United Kingdom 4 26.7 2 0 2 0
10 University of Toronto Canada 3 20.0 0 1 2 0

Stanford University (1st)

Affiliates Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
Stanford University, United States United States
Notes: 1) Affiliates of Stanford Research Institute (SRI) before Jan 13th, 1970, are included in this list.[1] On May 16, 1977, the institute was renamed SRI International.[1]
27
  1. Martin Hellman[2][3] (M.S, PhD) – 2015
  2. Whitfield Diffie[4] (Graduate Attendee) – 2015
  3. Barbara Liskov[5][6] (M.S, PhD) – 2008
  4. Vinton Cerf[7] (B.S) – 2004
  5. Ronald Rivest[8][9] (PhD) – 2002
  6. John Hopcroft[10][11] (M.S, PhD) – 1986
  7. Robert Tarjan[12][13] (M.S, PhD) – 1986
  8. Allen Newell[14] (B.S) – 1975
  9. Raj Reddy[15] (PhD) – 1994
  1. John L. Hennessy[16][17] (Professor) – 2017*
  2. Martin Hellman[2][3] (Professor) – 2015*
  3. Whitfield Diffie[4] (Professor) – 2015*
  4. Vinton Cerf[7] (Assistant Professor) – 2004
  5. Andrew Chi-Chih Yao[18][19] (Professor) – 2000
  6. Douglas Engelbart[20][21] (SRI Director) – 1997
  7. Edward Feigenbaum[22] (Professor) – 1994*
  8. Raj Reddy[15] (Assistant Professor) – 1994
  9. Robert Tarjan[12][13] (Associate Professor) – 1986
  10. Niklaus Wirth[23] (Assistant Professor) – 1984
  11. Robert W. Floyd[24] (Professor) – 1978*
  12. Dana Scott[25][26] (Professor) – 1976
  13. Donald E. Knuth[27][28] (Professor) – 1974*
  14. John McCarthy[29][30] (Professor) – 1971*
  15. James H. Wilkinson[31] (Professor) – 1970
  1. Whitfield Diffie[4] (Visiting Scholar) – 2015
  2. Alan Kay[32] (Researcher) – 2003
  3. Kristen Nygaard[33] (Visiting Professor) – 2001
  4. Ole-Johan Dahl[34][35][36] (Visiting Professor) – 2001
  5. Jim Gray[37][38] (Visitor) – 1998
  6. Douglas Engelbart[20] (Visiting Scholar) – 1997
  7. Amir Pnueli[39][40] (Postdoctoral Researcher) – 1996
  8. Robin Milner[41][42] (Research Associate) – 1991
  9. William Kahan[43][44] (Visiting Professor) – 1989
  10. John Hopcroft[11] (Visiting Associate Professor) – 1986
  11. James H. Wilkinson[31] (Visiting Professor) – 1970
  12. Richard Hamming[45][46][47] (Visiting Professor) – 1969

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2nd)

Affiliates Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States United States
Notes: 1) Dennis M. Ritchie, while a graduate student at Harvard University, worked part-time in MIT Project MAC (Multics project), a joint venture of MIT, General Electric and Bell Labs.[48][49] He is not included in this list since he did not form any academic affiliation with MIT.
26
  1. Whitfield Diffie[4] (B.S) – 2015
  2. Leslie Lamport[50][51] (B.S) – 2013
  3. Manuel Blum[52][53] (B.S, M.S, PhD) – 1995
  4. Fernando Corbato[54][55] (PhD) – 1990
  5. Ivan Sutherland[56] (PhD) – 1988
  6. Alan Perlis[57] (M.S, PhD) – 1966
  1. Tim Berners-Lee[58] (Professor) – 2016*
  2. Martin Hellman[2][3] (Assistant Professor) – 2015
  3. Michael Stonebraker[59][60] (Adjunct Professor) – 2014*
  4. Shafi Goldwasser[61][62] (Professor) – 2012*
  5. Silvio Micali[63][64] (Professor) – 2012*
  6. Barbara Liskov[5][6] (Professor) – 2008*
  7. Bob Kahn[65] (Assistant Professor) – 2004
  8. Adi Shamir[66] (Assistant Professor) – 2002
  9. Leonard Adleman[67] (Associate Professor) – 2002
  10. Ronald Rivest[8][9] (Professor) – 2002*
  11. Andrew Chi-Chih Yao[18][19] (Assistant Professor) – 2000
  12. Manuel Blum[52][53] (Assistant Professor) – 1995*
  13. Butler Lampson[68][69] (Adjunct Professor) – 1992*
  14. Fernando Corbato[54][55] (Professor) – 1990*
  15. John McCarthy[30] (Assistant Professor) – 1971
  16. Marvin Minsky[70] (Professor) – 1969*
  1. Yoshua Bengio[71] (Postdoc) - 2018
  2. Shafi Goldwasser[61][62] (Postdoc) – 2012
  3. Alan Kay[32][72] (Adjunct Professor) – 2003
  4. Adi Shamir[66] (Instructor) – 2002
  5. Manuel Blum[52][53] (Research Associate) – 1995
  6. Ivan Sutherland[56] (Researcher) – 1988
  7. Robert E. Tarjan[12][13] (Visiting Scientist) – 1986
  8. Robert W. Floyd[73][74] (Visiting Professor) – 1978
  9. Michael O. Rabin[75][76] (Visiting Professor) – 1976
  10. Maurice Wilkes[77] (Adjunct Professor) – 1967
  11. Alan Perlis[57] (Researcher) – 1966

University of California, Berkeley (3rd)

Affiliates Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
University of California, Berkeley, United States United States
Notes: 1) The Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI) at Berkeley is an independent research institute from the University. Juris Hartmanis[78][79] (Fall 1985 Visitor) and Richard E. Stearns (Fall 1985 Visitor)[80][81] are thus excluded from the list.

2) Whitfield Diffie was a summer school attendee at Berkeley in 1962.[82][83] He is thus excluded from the list.

25
  1. Shafi Goldwasser[61][62] (M.S, PhD) – 2012
  2. Silvio Micali[63][64] (PhD) – 2012
  3. Charles P. Thacker[84] (B.S) – 2009
  4. Barbara Liskov[5][6] (B.S) – 2008
  5. Leonard Adleman[67] (B.A, PhD) – 2002
  6. Jim Gray[37][38] (B.S, PhD) – 1998
  7. Douglas Engelbart[20][21] (M.S, PhD) – 1997
  8. Butler Lampson[68][85] (PhD) – 1992
  9. Niklaus Wirth[23] (PhD) – 1984
  10. Ken Thompson[86] (B.S, M.S) – 1983
  11. Dana Scott[25][26] (B.A) – 1976
  1. David Patterson[87][88] (Professor) – 2017*
  2. Michael Stonebraker[59] (Professor) – 2014*
  3. Shafi Goldwasser[89][90] (Professor) – 2012
  4. Andrew Chi-Chih Yao[18][19] (Professor) – 2000
  5. Douglas Engelbart[20][21] (Assistant Professor) – 1997
  6. Manuel Blum[52][53] (Professor) – 1995*
  7. Edward Feigenbaum[22] (Associate Professor) – 1994
  8. Butler Lampson[68][85] (Associate Professor) – 1992
  9. William Kahan[43] (Professor) – 1989*
  10. Richard Karp[91] (Professor) – 1985*
  11. Stephen Cook[92] (Assistant Professor) – 1982
  12. Dana Scott[25][26] (Associate Professor) – 1976
  1. Leslie Valiant[93][94] (Visiting Scientist) – 2010
  2. Charles P. Thacker[84] (Researcher) – 2009
  3. Jim Gray[37][38] (Postdoc & McKay Fellow) – 1998
  4. Manuel Blum[53][95] (Visiting Scientist) – 1995
  5. Edward Feigenbaum[22] (Researcher) – 1994
  6. Ivan Sutherland[56] (Visiting Scholar) – 1988
  7. Robert Tarjan[12][13] (Miller Research Fellow) – 1986
  8. Ken Thompson[86][96] (Visiting Professor) – 1983
  9. John Backus[97] (Visiting Professor) – 1977
  10. Michael O. Rabin[75] (Visiting Associate Professor) – 1976
  11. Herbert A. Simon[98] (Research Director) – 1975

Harvard University (4th)

Affiliates Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
Harvard University, United States United States
Notes: 1) Barbara Liskov worked as a computer programmer (non-academic position) at Harvard during 1962–63.[5][6] She is not included in the list.
14
  1. E. Allen Emerson[99] (PhD) – 2007
  2. Andrew Chi-Chih Yao[18][19] (M.A, PhD) – 2000
  3. Frederick P. Brooks[100][101] (M.S, PhD) – 1999
  4. Butler Lampson[68][85] (B.A) – 1992
  5. Richard Karp[91] (B.A, M.S, PhD) – 1985
  6. Dennis M. Ritchie[102] (B.S, PhD) – 1983
  7. Stephen A. Cook[92] (M.S, PhD) – 1982
  8. Kenneth E. Iverson[103] (M.A, PhD) – 1979
  9. Marvin Minsky[70] (B.A) – 1969
  1. Leslie G. Valiant[94][104] (Professor) – 2010*
  2. Edmund M. Clarke[105][106] (Assistant Professor) – 2007
  3. Ivan Sutherland[56] (Associate Professor) – 1988
  4. Kenneth E. Iverson[103] (Assistant Professor) – 1979
  5. Michael O. Rabin[75][76] (Professor) – 1976
  1. Amir Pnueli[39] (Visiting Professor) – 1996
  2. Kenneth E. Iverson[103] (Instructor) – 1979
  3. Michael O. Rabin[75] (Visiting Professor) – 1976
  4. Marvin Minsky[70][107] (Junior Fellow) – 1969

Carnegie Mellon University (5th, Tie)

Affiliates Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
Carnegie Mellon University, United States United States
13
  1. Shafi Goldwasser[61][62] (B.S) – 2012
  2. Edward Feigenbaum[22] (B.S, PhD) – 1994
  3. Ivan E. Sutherland[56] (B.S) – 1988
  4. Allen Newell[14] (PhD) – 1975
  5. Alan J. Perlis[57] (B.S) – 1966
  1. Geoffrey Hinton[108] (Associate Professor) – 2018
  2. Edmund M. Clarke[106][109] (Professor) – 2007*
  3. Manuel Blum[52][53] (Professor) – 1995
  4. Raj Reddy[110][15] (Professor) – 1994*
  5. Robert W. Floyd[24] (Assistant Professor) – 1978
  6. Dana Scott[25][26] (Professor) – 1976
  7. Allen Newell[14] (Professor) – 1975*
  8. Herbert A. Simon[98] (Professor) – 1975*
  9. Alan J. Perlis[57] (Professor) – 1966*
  1. Leslie Valiant[94][104] (Visiting Assistant Professor) – 2010

Princeton University (5th, Tie)

Affiliates Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
Princeton University, United States United States
Note: 1) Herbert A. Simon had an unclear visiting position and is not included for now.[111][112]
13
  1. Michael Stonebraker[59] (B.Eng) – 2014
  2. Robert Kahn[65] (M.A, PhD) – 2004
  3. Richard E. Stearns[80][81] (PhD) – 1993
  4. Dana Scott[25][26] (PhD) – 1976
  5. Michael O. Rabin[75][76] (PhD) – 1976
  6. Allen Newell[14] (Graduate Attendee) – 1975
  7. John McCarthy[29][30] (PhD) – 1971
  8. Marvin Minsky[70][107] (PhD) – 1969
  1. Andrew Chi-Chih Yao[18][19] (Professor) – 2000*
  2. John Hopcroft[10][11] (Assistant Professor) – 1986
  3. Robert Tarjan[12][13] (Professor) – 1986*
  4. Dana Scott[25][26] (Professor) – 1976
  1. Shafi Goldwasser[61] (Visiting Professor) – 2012
  2. Richard Hamming[45] (Adjunct Professor) – 1969

New York University (7th)

Affiliates Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
New York University, United States United States
8
  1. Martin Hellman[3] (B.Eng) – 2015
  2. Judea Pearl[113] (PhD) – 2011
  3. Jim Gray[37][38] (Graduate Attendee) – 1998
  1. Yann LeCun[114] (Professor) – 2018*
  2. Amir Pnueli[39] (Professor) – 1996
  1. Frances E. Allen[115] (Visiting Professor) – 2006
  2. Robert Tarjan[12][13] (Adjunct Professor) – 1986
  3. Michael O. Rabin[75] (Visiting Professor) – 1976

University of Cambridge (8th)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Corporate History | SRI International" (in en). https://www.sri.com/about/corporate-history. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Martin E. Hellman Home Page". https://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Martin Hellman – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hellman_4055781.cfm. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Whitfield Diffie – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/diffie_8371646.cfm. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "CV (Barbara Liskov)". http://www.pmg.csail.mit.edu/~liskov/newcv-09.pdf. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Barbara Liskov – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/liskov_1108679.cfm. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Vinton Cerf – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/cerf_1083211.cfm. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Ronald L. Rivest : Biographical Information". http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/bio.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Ronald L Rivest – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/rivest_1403005.cfm. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "John E Hopcroft – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hopcroft_1053917.cfm. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "John E. Hopcroft". http://www.cs.cornell.edu/jeh/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 "Robert E Tarjan – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/tarjan_1092048.cfm. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 "CV (Robert Endre Tarjan)". https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~ret/Vita2012A1.pdf. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Allen Newell – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/newell_3167755.cfm. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "rrlong". http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/. 
  16. ↑ "CV (John L. Hennessy)". https://web.stanford.edu/~hennessy/cv.html. 
  17. ↑ "John L Hennessy – A.M. Turing Award Winner" (in en). https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hennessy_1426931.cfm. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 "Andrew C Yao – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/yao_1611524.cfm. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 "Andrew Chi-Chih Yao" (in zh-CN). http://iiis.tsinghua.edu.cn/yao/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Administrator. "Curriculum Vitae – Doug Engelbart Institute" (in en). https://www.dougengelbart.org/about/cv.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Douglas Engelbart – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/engelbart_5078811.cfm. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 "Edward A Feigenbaum – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/feigenbaum_4167235.cfm. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Niklaus E. Wirth – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/wirth_1025774.cfm. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Robert W. Floyd – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/floyd_3720707.cfm. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 "Dana S Scott – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/scott_1193622.cfm. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 "Dana Scott's Career Highlights". https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~scott/career.html. 
  27. ↑ "Donald E. Knuth – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/knuth_1013846.cfm. 
  28. ↑ "CV (Donald E. Knuth)". https://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/vita.pdf. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "John McCarthy | Computer History Museum" (in en). http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/john-mccarthy/. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 "John McCarthy (1927–2011)". http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/mccarthy-john.pdf. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Fox, L.. "James Hardy Wilkinson (27 September 1919 – 5 October 1986)". http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiogmem/33/669.full.pdf. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Alan Kay – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/kay_3972189.cfm. 
  33. ↑ "Kristen Nygaard – A.M. Turing Award Winner" (in en). https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/nygaard_5916220.cfm. 
  34. ↑ "A Biography of Ole-Johan Dahl". https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6acd/c67a3a69e2bafc4d11b0cabb2fff046b5e8d.pdf. 
  35. ↑ Knuth, Donald E; Ruskey, Frank (2004). "Efficient coroutine generation of constrained Gray sequences". Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2635: 183–204. 
  36. ↑ "Ole-Johan Dahls kontorarkiv Donald E. Knuth Sortering: navn, år, tittel – PDF". http://docplayer.me/amp/47186802-Ole-johan-dahls-kontorarkiv-donald-e-knuth-sortering-navn-ar-tittel.html. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 "Jim Gray – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/gray_3649936.cfm. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 "Jim Gray, Microsoft Research Home Page". https://jimgray.azurewebsites.net/. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "Amir Pnueli – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/pnueli_4725172.cfm. 
  40. ↑ "Short biography of Amir Pnueli Harel". https://cs.nyu.edu/faculty/pnueli/shrtbio.html. 
  41. ↑ "CV (Robin Milner)". http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/archive/rm135/cv.pdf. 
  42. ↑ "A J Milner – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/milner_1569367.cfm. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "William Kahan – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/kahan_1023746.cfm. 
  44. ↑ "An Interview with the Old Man of Floating-Point". https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/ieee754status/754story.html. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Richard W. Hamming – A.M. Turing Award Winner" (in en). https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hamming_1000652.cfm. 
  46. ↑ Kaiser, J.F.. "Richard Hamming You and Your Research". http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/YouAndYourResearch.pdf. 
  47. ↑ "Stanford University Bulletin (1960–61)". https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:cp135qt4613/1960-1961.pdf. 
  48. ↑ "Dennis M. Ritchie". https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~bwk/dmr.html. 
  49. ↑ "Dennis Ritchie Bio". https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/bigbio1st.html. 
  50. ↑ "The Writings of Leslie Lamport". http://lamport.azurewebsites.net/pubs/pubs.html. 
  51. ↑ "Leslie Lamport – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/lamport_1205376.cfm. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 "Manuel Blum – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/blum_4659082.cfm. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 "CV (Manuel Blum)". https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mblum/pdfs/manuel_blum_cv.pdf. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "Fernando J Corbato – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/corbato_1009471.cfm. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Oral History of Fernando Corbató". http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Corbato_Fernando/Corbato_Fernando_1.oral_history.2006.102658041.pdf. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 "Ivan Sutherland – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/sutherland_3467412.cfm. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 "A. J. Perlis – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/perlis_0132439.cfm. 
  58. ↑ "Sir Tim Berners-Lee – A.M. Turing Award Winner" (in en). https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/berners-lee_8087960.cfm. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 "Michael Stonebraker – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/stonebraker_1172121.cfm. 
  60. ↑ "Michael Stonebraker | MIT CSAIL" (in en). https://www.csail.mit.edu/person/michael-stonebraker. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 "CV (Shafi Goldwasser)". http://people.csail.mit.edu/shafi/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Shafi_Goldwasser_CV_2014.pdf. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 "Shafi Goldwasser – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/goldwasser_8627889.cfm. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "CV (Silvio Micali)". https://people.csail.mit.edu/silvio/CV.pdf. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "Silvio Micali – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/micali_9954407.cfm. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Robert E Kahn – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/kahn_4598637.cfm. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Adi Shamir – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/shamir_2327856.cfm. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Leonard M. Adleman – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/adleman_7308544.cfm. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 "Curriculum Vitae". http://bwlampson.site/WebCV.html. 
  69. ↑ "MIT professor ‘made much of our world possible’". http://news.mit.edu/2014/mit-professor-made-much-of-our-world-possible-0218. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 "Marvin Minsky – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/minsky_7440781.cfm. 
  71. ↑ "CV (Yoshua Bengio)". https://mila.quebec/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/YB-CV_19Feb2019.pdf. 
  72. ↑ "Prof. Alan Kay, UCLA, Kyoto University, and MIT – ODBMS.org" (in en-US). http://www.odbms.org/about/contributors/kay/. 
  73. ↑ "Computer Science at Stanford (1978–1979)". https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:ng648pc2208/ng648pc2208.pdf. 
  74. ↑ Floyd, Robert W. (1 August 1979). "The paradigms of programming". Communications of the ACM 22 (8): 455–460. doi:10.1145/359138.359140. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4 75.5 "CV (Michael O. Rabin)". https://www.seas.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/MOR-CV-UPDATED-12-1-2015%20.pdf. Retrieved 31 March 2017. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 "Michael O. Rabin – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/rabin_9681074.cfm. 
  77. ↑ "CV (Maurice V. Wilkes)". https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/archive/mvw1/cv-2.pdf. 
  78. ↑ "CV (Juris Hartmanis)". http://www.cs.cornell.edu/people/hartmanis/HARTMANIS%20CV_08-05.pdf. 
  79. ↑ "Juris Hartmanis – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hartmanis_1059260.cfm. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "Richard E Stearns – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/stearns_1081900.cfm. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "CV (Richard E. Stearn)". http://www.cs.albany.edu/~res/stearns_cv.pdf. 
  82. ↑ Weber, Arnd. "Weber: Interview with Whitfield Diffie on the Development of Public Key Cryptography – 2002". http://www.itas.kit.edu/pub/m/2002/wedi02a.htm. 
  83. ↑ "Crypto". https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/l/levy-crypto.html. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 "Charles P. Thacker – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/thacker_1336106.cfm. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 "Butler W Lampson – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/lampson_1142421.cfm. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 "Kenneth Lane Thompson – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/thompson_4588371.cfm. 
  87. ↑ "David A. Patterson Biography". https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pattrsn/bio.html. 
  88. ↑ "David Patterson – A.M. Turing Award Winner" (in en). https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/patterson_2316693.cfm. 
  89. ↑ "Shafi Goldwasser | EECS at UC Berkeley" (in en). https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/goldwasser.html. 
  90. ↑ "Shafi Goldwasser | Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing" (in en). https://simons.berkeley.edu/people/shafi-goldwasser. 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 "Richard Karp – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/karp_3256708.cfm. 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 "Stephen A Cook – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/cook_n991950.cfm. 
  93. ↑ "Leslie Valiant | Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing" (in en). https://simons.berkeley.edu/people/leslie-valiant. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 "CV (Leslie G. Valiant)". http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~valiant/cv-9-3-14.pdf. 
  95. ↑ "Manuel Blum | Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing" (in en). https://simons.berkeley.edu/people/manuel-blum. 
  96. ↑ "The Creation of the UNIX Operating System: Ken Thompson Biography". https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/belllabs-microsite-unixhistory/thompsonbio.html. 
  97. ↑ "John Backus – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/backus_0703524.cfm. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 "Herbert A. Simon – A.M. Turing Award Winner" (in en). https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/simon_1031467.cfm. 
  99. ↑ "E. Allen Emerson – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/emerson_1671460.cfm. 
  100. ↑ "Frederick Brooks – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/brooks_1002187.cfm. 
  101. ↑ "CV (Frederick Brooks)". https://www.cs.unc.edu/~brooks/FPB_BIO.CV.04.2007.pdf. 
  102. ↑ "Dennis M. Ritchie – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/ritchie_1506389.cfm. 
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 "Kenneth E. Iverson – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/iverson_9147499.cfm. 
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 "Leslie G Valiant – A.M. Turing Award Winner" (in en). https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/valiant_2612174.cfm. 
  105. ↑ "Prof. Edmund M. Clarke". https://embedded.eecs.berkeley.edu/research/seminar/cad-seminar/fall98/biodata/clarke.html. 
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 "Edmund Clarke – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/clarke_1167964.cfm. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 "Brief Academic Biography of Marvin Minsky". https://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/minskybiog.html. 
  108. ↑ "CV (Geoffrey E. Hinton)". http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/fullcv.pdf. 
  109. ↑ "Edmund M. Clarke". https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~emc/bio.html. 
  110. ↑ "Raj Reddy – A.M. Turing Award Winner". http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/reddy_9634208.cfm. 
  111. ↑ "Visiting Fellowships — Princeton University Humanities Council" (in en). https://humanities.princeton.edu/opportunities/visiting-fellowships/. 
  112. ↑ "Chairs and Faculty since 1949 | Department of Philosophy" (in en). https://philosophy.princeton.edu/about/faculty-1949. 
  113. ↑ "Judea Pearl – A.M. Turing Award Winner" (in en). https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/pearl_2658896.cfm. 
  114. ↑ "Yann LeCun's Biography". http://yann.lecun.com/ex/bio.html. 
  115. ↑ "Frances Allen – A.M. Turing Award Winner" (in en). https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/allen_1012327.cfm. 





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