Engineering:List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
This is a list of mass production highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). It includes those plug-ins at an advanced stage of development or already being tested in demonstration programs.
Definitions
A PEV is any motor vehicle that can be recharged from any external source of electricity, and a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes all-electric or battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), and plug-in conversions of hybrid electric vehicles depending on battery size and their all-electric range.[1][2] Conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are not included.
Plug-in electric cars available for retail since 2007
Current models
Global sales passed the 50,000 unit milestone in June 2016.[148] Zoe sales are led by France with 27,155 units registered (As of June 2016).[148] Following next are Germany with 4,304 units through December 2015,[25][26][149] and the UK with 3,327 units registered at the end of 2015.[150] Cumulative global sales totaled 61,205 units up until December 2016.[151] The Zoe has been the top selling all-electric car in Europe for two years running, 2015 and 2016.[152][153] Also, the Zoe topped European sales in the broader plug-in electric car segment in 2016, ahead of the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, the top selling plug-in car in the previous two years.[154] Retail sales of the Venucia e30, began in September 2014.[302][303] Initially the e30 is available in nine cities: Beijing, Dalian, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Wuhan and Zhengzhou. Nationwide availability is expected for 2015.[302] A total of 582 units were sold in 2014.[34](As of January 2017), a total of 1,741 units have been sold in the U.S.[367][368]| List of PEV automobiles, pickups, vans and SUVs commercially available for sale or leasing | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Image | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| Buddy |  |
BEV | 144,900 kr (~US$24,000) to 186,850 kr (~US$30,500)[3] |
80 km (50 mi)(lead–acid battery) 121 km (75 mi)(NiMH battery) |
Produced in Norway since 2007 as a successor to the Kewet. Deliveries of an enhanced model began in January 2010.[4]
(As of September 2013), a total of 1,087 units were registered in Norway, the leading market, consisting of 2 Kewet CITI VANs, 22 Kewet EL-JET (1-4)s, 50 Kewet CITI JET 5s, 379 Buddy M9 (2010-2013), and 634 Kewet Buddy Citi-Jet 6 (2005-2009).[5] Since its inception in 1991, combined sales of the Kewet and Buddy totaled about 1,500 units through October 2013.[6] (As of March 2016), the Buddy was still on sale.[7] |
| Mitsubishi i-MiEV (rebadged also as Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-ZERO ) |
 |
BEV | 4 million yen (~US$43,000) to US$29,125 (US)[8] |
160 km (100 mi) | The i-MiEV is the world's first highway-capable mass production electric car.[9][10] Fleet leasing began in Japan in July 2009,[11] and retail sales began in Japan in April 2010,[12] followed by Hong Kong and Australia in 2010, and several European countries, Costa Rica, Chile , Canada and the U.S. in 2011.[13][14]
(As of June 2016), and accounting for all variants of the i-MiEV family, including the rebadged Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero sold in Europe, about 37,600 units have been sold worldwide since 2009.[15] Sales of the passenger model are led by Japan with 10,423 i-MiEVs sold through December 2014.[16][17] followed by Norway with 5,334 units sold, including 2,589 i-MiEVs, 1,352 C-Zeros, and 1,393 iOns;[18][19][20][21] France with 4,772 units, including 2,419 iOns, 2,241 C-Zeros, and 112 i-MiEVs;[22] Germany with 2,494 units registered, including 976 i-MiEVs, 965 C-Zeros and 553 iOns;[23][24][25][26] and the U.S. with a total of 1,893 Mitsubishi i's sold through December 2014.[27] |
| Chery QQ3 EV |  |
BEV | CN¥40,000 (~US$6,480) after incentives |
100 km (62 mi) | Deliveries began in China in March 2010.[28] The QQ3 EV was the top selling new energy car in China between 2011 and 2013, with 2,167 units sold in 2011, 3,129 in 2012, and 5,727 in 2013.[29] Cumulative sales since January 2011 through June 2015 reached 22,097 units.[29][30][31] |
| JAC J3 EV |  |
BEV | CN¥158,000 (~US$25,595) |
130 km (81 mi) | Launched in China in 2010. Cumulative sales reached 10,161 units through June 2015.[31][32][33][34][35] A third generation model, called JAC J3 iev, was launched in September 2012.[33] |
| Tazzari Zero |  |
BEV | €20,300 (~US$29,200) GB£21,500 (~US$34,850) |
140 km (87 mi) | Sales began in several European countries in 2010.[36][37] A total of 34 units were sold in Norway in 2011.[18] |
| Nissan Leaf (1st generation) Nissan Leaf (2nd generation) |
_hatchback_(2018-11-02)_01.jpg) 125px|center |
BEV | US$32,780(4) (MY 2011)[38] US$36,020 (MY 2012)[39] US$29,650 (MY 2013)[40] |
MY 2011/12 117 km (73 mi)[41] MY 2013 121 km (75 mi)[41] MY 2014/15 135 km (84 mi)[41] MY 2016 172 km (107 mi)[42] |
Retail deliveries began in the U.S. and Japan, and fleet customers in Portugal in December 2010.[43][44][45] (As of January 2018), the Leaf was available in more than 60 countries in four continents.[46]
The Nissan Leaf listed as the world's best-selling highway-capable electric car in history until December 2019, by early 2020 was surpassed by the Tesla Model 3.[47] The Leaf was the world's best selling electric car from 2011 to 2014, and also in 2016.[48][49][50][51] (As of May 2020), more than 470,000 Leaf cars have been sold globally since inception.[52] Europe is the world's largest Leaf market with 150,000 units sold by December 2019, followed by the United States with 141,907 up to December 2019, and Japan with almost 140,000 units through March 2020.[53][54][55] The European market is led by Norway with over 61,000 units registered by May 2020.[56] |
| Smart electric drive |  |
BEV | 2nd generation Leasing only GB£375/month (UK)[57] US$599/mo (US)[58] 3rd generation US$25,750[59] (US) |
2nd generation 101 km (63 mi) 3rd generation 140 km (90 mi)[59] |
Field testing began in London with 100 units in 2007. The second generation was introduced in 2009 and leasing in the U.S. began in January 2011, limited to 250 units.[58][60][61] Deliveries of the third generation model began in the U.S. in May 2013,[62] and are scheduled to begin in Europe during the second quarter of 2013, and will be available in more than 30 markets worldwide.[59][63]
More than 8,800 units have been sold in North America and Europe through June 2014. This figure includes over 2,300 units of the second generation models leased in 18 markets around the world between 2009 and October 2012.[64] Of these, 1,721 units were registered in Europe through October 2012,[65] and 527 units in the U.S. through December 2012.[66][67] During 2013 a total of 4,130 units of the third generation were sold worldwide.[68] Over 6,500 units of the third generation have been sold through June 2014.[68][69] (As of June 2014), combined sales of both generations reached 3,959 units in Germany,[70][71][72][73][74] 2,542 units in the U.S.[66][75][76] and 865 units in France.[22] |
| Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric |  |
BEV | €1,500/mo (US$1,955) Leasing only[77] |
150 km (93 mi) | Field testing with 50 units took place in Göteborg, Sweden in 2010. Limited production began in June 2011 and leasing to fleet customers in Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands and Norway began in the third quarter of 2011.[78]
A total of 209 units have been leased in Europe through October 2012.[65] Since 2011 a total of 149 units have been delivered in Sweden through March 2013.[79][80] |
| BYD e6 |  |
BEV | 369,800 RMB ~US$32,995 |
310 km (190 mi) | Sales to the general public began in October, 2011, in Shenzhen, China.[81] A total of 33 units were sold in 2010, 401 in 2011, 1,690 in 2012, 1,544 in 2013, and increased to 3,560 in 2014, and 7,029 in 2015.[82] Cumulative sales in China totaled 34,862 units through December 2016.[82][83] The e6 ranked as the top selling all-electric plug-in passenger car in China in 2016.[83] |
| Bolloré Bluecar |  |
BEV | €19,000 (US$24,850) + €80/mo (US$105) fee for the battery (VAT not included)[84] |
250 km (160 mi) | The Bluecar was deployed in December 2011 as part of the Autolib' carsharing in Paris.[85] Leasing to individual and corporate customers began in October 2012 limited to the Île-de-France area.[86] Retail sales began in February 2013. Owners can access the Autolib' network of charging stations around Paris for an optional monthly fee of €15 (US$20).[84]
A total of 5,689 units have been registered in France through September 2016,[22] with over 2,000 units deployed for the Autolib' carsharing program.[87] The Bolloré Bluecar was the top selling highway-capable electric car in the French market in 2012.[88] |
| Ford Focus Electric |  |
BEV | US$39,995[89] (MY 2012) US$29,995 (MY 2017)[90] |
122 km (76 mi)[91] (MY 2012-2016) 185 km (115 mi)[92] (MY 2017-) |
U.S. Deliveries for fleet customers began in December 2011 and to retail customers in May 2012. Initially sales were limited to New York, New Jersey and California.[93][94] A total of 3,965 units have been delivered in the U.S. through September 2014.[66][95][96][97] |
| Renault Fluence Z.E. |  |
BEV | 205,000 DKK (€27,496) + a monthly fee for the battery[98] |
160 km (100 mi) | The Fluence Z.E. was the only electric car deployed within the Better Place network in Israel and Denmark. Less than 1,000 units were deployed in Israel and around 400 units in Denmark through May 2013, when the company filed for bankruptcy.[99][100] Since 2012 the Fluence Z.E. is sold in South Korea as the SM3 Z.E. under the Renault Samsung Motors badge.[101]
Since 2010 a total of 3,935 units have been sold worldwide through October 2014,[102] with 2,384 registered in Europe.[103] In France, 727 units have been registered through October 2014.[22] |
| Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (1st generation) |
 |
PHEV | US$32,000 (base) to US$39,525 (advanced)[104] |
18 km (11 mi)[105] | Launched in Japan in late January 2012,[106] and released in the U.S. in late February 2012.[107] Deliveries in Europe started in June 2012 and sales in Canada began in September 2012.[108][109] Production of the first generation Prius Plug-in ended in June 2015.[110] Production of the next generation plug-in is expected to start in about October 2016.[111]
(As of April 2016), a total of 75,400 Prius PHVs had been sold worldwide,[112] with the United States as the market leader with 42,320 units delivered through April 2016.[113][114] Japan is the second largest market with about 22,100 units sold, followed by the European market with cumulative sales of about 10,500 units delivered, both through April 2016.[112] The leading European markets are the Netherlands with 4,134 units registered by the end of November 2015,[115] followed by the UK with 1,501 units registered (As of September 2015),[116] and Sweden with 1,217 units registered through December 2015.[117][118] |
| Tesla Model S |  |
BEV | US$74,990 to US$111,490[119] |
60 kW·h: 208 mi (335 km)[119] 75 kW·h: 259 mi (417 km)[119] 90 kW·h: 294 mi (473 km)[119] 100 kW·h: 315 mi (507 km)[119] Long Range Plus: 402 mi (647 km) |
Deliveries of the 85 kW·h premium limited edition model in the U.S. began in June 2012.[120] Base models with 60 kW·h and 85 kW·h. packs were released during the first quarter of 2013.[121] Retail deliveries started in Europe in August 2013.[122] Deliveries in China began in April 2014.[123] First deliveries of the right-hand-drive model destined for the UK, Australia, Hong Kong and Japan began in the second quarter of 2014.[124]
In December 2015 global Model S sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone.[125] In June 2015, three years after the Model S introduction, Tesla announced that Model S owners globally have accumulated over 1 billion electric miles (1.6 billion km) traveled.[126][127] The Tesla Model S is the first plug-in electric vehicle fleet to have reached the 1 billion electric miles milestone.[127] A variant with a 100 kW·h battery pack was introduced in August 2016.[128] (As of December 2017), more than 200,000 Model S sedans have been sold worldwide since its introduction, ranking as the world's second best selling plug-in car ever after the Nissan Leaf.[129] The Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car in 2015,[130] and continued to lead global plug-in car sales in 2016.[129] (As of September 2016), the United States is the leading market with about 84,000 units sold,[131][132][133] followed by Norway with 19,714 new units registered through the end of April 2019,[134][135][136] China with 5,524 units registered through September 2015,[137][138] and the Netherlands with 5,622 units registered at the end of September 2016.[139] |
| Ford C-Max Energi |  |
PHEV | US$33,745[140] | 32 km (20 mi)[141] | Released in the U.S. by mid October 2012.[142]
Over 35,700 units have been sold in North America and Europe through December 2016, with 33,509 units delivered in the U.S.[66][95][143][144][145] 967 units in Canada,[146] and 1,229 in the Netherlands.[147] |
| Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid | .jpg) |
PHEV | ~ €50,000 ~ GB£40,000[155] |
50 km (31 mi)[156] | Deliveries began in Sweden in late 2012 and in the UK in June 2013.[157][158] According to Volvo, the first 1,000 units were sold before deliveries had begun, and production was ramp up to 5,000 units for 2013. The V60 PHEV is the world's first diesel plug-in hybrid. The car is not expected to be available in the U.S.[156]
A total of 19,571 units have sold in Europe through December 2015.[159][160][161] (As of October 2015), sales are led by the Netherlands with 11,169 units registered,[162] followed by Sweden with 1,388 units registered through December 2014.[79][163] |
| Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid |  |
PHEV | US$39,780[164] | 21 km (13 mi)[164] | Sales began in the U.S. available only in California and New York in January 2013.[165] The Accord PHEV was introduced in Japan in June 2013 and it is available only for leasing, primarily to corporations and government agencies.[166] (As of December 2013), the Accord PHEV ranks as the third best selling plug-in hybrid in the Japanese market.[167]
A total of 1,034 units have been sold in the United States through June 2015.[143][75][168] In June 2015 Honda announced that the Accord Plug-in Hybrid will be discontinued after the 2015 model year, together with the Civic hybrid and natural gas variants. The company plans to launch of a new dedicated plug-in hybrid and battery electric models after the introduction of Honda's next generation fuel cell vehicle in 2016.[169] |
| Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV |  |
PHEV | ¥3,324,000 US$36,650 to ¥4,297,000 (US$47,380) |
60 km (37 mi)[170] | The Outlander P-HEV was released in the Japanese market in January 2013, becoming the first SUV plug-in hybrid available for retail sales.[171] The European launched was originally scheduled for July 2013,[172] but retail sales began in the Netherlands until October 2013 due to battery problems in the initial production batch.[173] The introduction in the United States has been delayed several times.[174][175][176][177] (As of June 2016), U.S. deliveries were scheduled to begin by August 2016 as a 2017 model year.[178][179] In July 2016, the release in the American market was postponed one more time, being rescheduled until mid-2017.[180]
Global sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in March 2016.[181][182] Europe is the leading market with 80,768 units sold through December 2016,[183] followed by Japan with 33,730 units through March 2016, and Australia with 2,015.[182] (As of September 2016), European sales were led by the UK and the Netherlands, each country with about 25,000 registered.[184][185] The Outlander P-HEV was the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in Europe in 2014 and again in 2015.[186][187] The Outlander PHEV has been Europe's best-selling plug-in hybrid vehicle for four years in a row, from 2013 to 2016.[183] Both in 2014 and 2015, it also ranked as the world's top selling plug-in hybrid, and as the third best selling plug-in car after the all-electrics Tesla Model S and Nissan Leaf.[130][188] (As of December 2016), the Outlander P-HEV ranked as the world's all-time second best-selling plug-in hybrid after the Chevrolet Volt, and fourth all-time top selling plug-in electric car.[181] Cumulative global sales totaled about 119,500 units through December 2016.[49] |
| Roewe E50 |  |
BEV | CN¥234,900 (US$37,589)[189] | 180 km (110 mi)[190] | Available only in China, with 238 units sold in 2012 and 7 units during the first half of 2013.[32][191] Deliveries began in Shanghai in January 2013.[192] |
| Rimac Concept One |  |
BEV | ~€740,500[193] | 500 km (310 mi)[194] | The car is capable of reaching 308 km/h (191 mph). Between January 2013 and October 2014, eight cars have been manufactured and sold.[195] |
| Ford Fusion Energi |  |
PHEV | US$39,495[196] (Feb 2013) US$35,525 (Jan 2014)[197] |
32 km (20 mi)[141] | Released in the U.S. in February 2013.
A total of 43,713 units have been sold in North America through December 2016, with 43,327 units delivered in the U.S.[95][144][145] and 386 units in Canada.[146] |
| Mahindra e2o |  |
BEV | Rs 7.0 lakh (US$12,900) to Rs 8.5 lakh (US$15,670)[198] |
100 km (62 mi)[199] | Market release was rescheduled several times. Previously known as the REVA NXR, it was launched in India in March 2013. Sales in Europe are planned for late 2013.[199][200] Under 1,000 units were sold in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka during 2013.[201][202] |
| Chevrolet Spark EV |  |
BEV | US$27,495[203] | 132 km (82 mi)[204] | The first all-electric car from General Motors after the GM EV1 was released in limited quantities in the U.S. in selected markets in California and Oregon in June 2013.[205] The Spark EV was released in South Korea in October 2013.[206] Retail sales were scheduled to begin in Maryland in the second quarter of 2015.[207] Sales totaled 4,161 units in the American market through November 2015.[143][75][208] |
| Fiat 500e |  |
BEV | US$32,500[209] | 140 km (87 mi)[210] | Launched in July 2013, the 500e is initially available only in California.[211]
About 16,549 units have been sold in the U.S. through May 2016.[212] |
| Volkswagen e-Up! |  |
BEV | €26,900[213] (~US$34,500) |
160 km (99 mi)[213] | Retail sales in Germany and other European countries began in October 2013.[214]
A total of 9,157 e-Up! cars have been sold in Europe through October 2015.[215][216][217] |
| BMW i3 | .jpg) |
BEV and PHEV option |
€34,950 (US$46,400) in Germany US$42,275 in the U.S. plus US$3,850 for range-extender option.[218][219] |
MY 2014/17 (60 A·h) 130 km (81 mi)[220] MY 2017 (94 A·h) 183 km (114 mi) REx MY 2014/16 116 km (72 mi)[221] |
Retail customer deliveries began in Germany and the UK in November 2013.[222][223] The release in the American market took place in May 2014.[224]
A “REx” range extender option is available.[218] The 2017 model year i3 offers an option with a larger 33 kWh battery pack that increased the range to 183 km (114 mi) from 130 km (81 mi). It was released in the United States and Europe in July 2016.[220] Global sales totaled more than 165,000 units by early January 2020.[225] The United States is the top selling market with 41,988 units delivered through December 2019.[53] Norway is also a top market with 25,156 new units registered through mid-June 2020.[56] The i3 ranked third among all-electric cars sold worldwide in 2014 and 2015.[226][227][130] |
| Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid | .jpg) |
PHEV | €110,409 in Germany[228] US$99,000 in the U.S.[229] |
32 km (20 mi)[229] | Released in the U.S. in October 2013,[75][230][231] and during the fourth quarter of 2013 in several European countries.
(As of December 2013), a total of 90 units had been delivered in France,[232] 86 units in the United States,[95] 59 in the Netherlands,[233] 14 in Spain,[234] and about 12 in Germany.[73] Cumulative sales in the U.S. reached 698 units through August 2014.[95][235] Global sales between January and August 2014 totaled over 1,500 units, presenting 9% of all Panamera models sold worldwide.[236] |
| Kandi EV |  |
BEV | Leasing only US$130 to US$160 per month[237] |
120 km (75 mi)[237] | The Kandi EV city car was deployed in 2013 in China as part of the Kandi EV CarShare, an electric car vending machine-like carsharing program in the city of Hangzhou.[237] The car is also available for leasing of between 1 and 3 years.[237] Sales totaled 5,239 units in the first half of 2014.[238] |
| BYD Qin | .JPG) |
PHEV | 189,800 rmb[239] (~US$31,000) |
70 km (43 mi)[240] | Retails sales of the Qin began in Costa Rica in November 2013, and sales in other Latin American countries were scheduled to begin in 2014.[241][242][243] Retail sales were initially scheduled to begin in Shenzhen in August 2013,[244] and after being rescheduled several times,[240][245] deliveries began in China in mid December 2013.[239]
(As of November 2016), cumulative sales in China totaled 67,834 units.[246][247][248] The Qin ranked as the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2014,[34] and became the all-time top selling plug-in passenger car in the country.[226] The Qin remained as the all-time top selling passenger NEV in China in 2015 with 31,898 units sold.[249] The BYD Qin was the world's second best selling plug-in hybrid car in 2015 after the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, and also ranked fifth in 2015 among the world's top selling plug-in electric cars.[130] Cumulative sales in China passed the 50,000 unit milestone in April 2016.[250] |
| SAIC Roewe 550 PHEV |  |
PHEV | 248,800 rmb[251] (~US$40,600) |
58 km (36 mi)[251] | Retails sales of the Roewe 550 PHEV began in China in November 2013.[251] Cumulative sales totaled 11,711 units through December 2015.[34][252] |
| Cadillac ELR |  |
PHEV | US$75,995[253] | 56 km (35 mi)[253] | Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. began in December 2013, with 6 units sold.[254] Production ended in February 2016.[255]
(As of April 2016), cumulative sales in North America totaled about 2,800 units,[256] with 2,697 units delivered in the American market through April 2016.[143][114][144] and 78 units in Canada through March 2016.[146][257] |
| BMW Brilliance Zinoro 1E | |
BEV | Leasing only 7,400 RMB per month (~US$1,200)[258] |
150 km (93 mi)[259] | Only available for leasing in Beijing and Shanghai.[259] |
| Kia Soul EV |  |
BEV | 42 million won ( ~US$39,400)[260] in South Korea US$33,700 in the U.S.[261] |
150 km (93 mi)[262] | Deliveries began in South Korea in May 2014.[263][264] European sales began in July 2014.[265] Sales in the U.S. began in the last quarter of 2014, initially it was sold only in California and Oregon, and several Eastern states with the largest EV markets and infrastructure including New York, New Jersey and Maryland.[260]
The 10,000 unit mark was passed in January 2016, with Europe as the leading market with 6,770 units sold, followed by South Korea with 1,580, and the United States with 1,411.[266] (As of December 2015), the leading European markets are Germany with 3,853 units sold,[267][268] and Norway with 1,637 units.[21][269] |
| Volkswagen XL1 |  |
PHEV | €111,000 (~US$146,000)[270] |
50 km (31 mi)[271] | Production began by mid 2013 and it will be limited to 250 units,[270] of which, only 200 will be sold to retail customers.[272] Retail deliveries began in Germany in June 2014.[273]
VW expects its diesel-powered PHEV to achieve 0.9 l/100 km (260 mpg‑US), becoming the most fuel-efficient car in the world.[271] |
| Volkswagen e-Golf | _%E2%80%93_Frontansicht,_19._Juni_2014,_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg) |
BEV | €34,900[274] (~US$47,800) in Europe US$35,445 in the U.S.[275] |
130 to 190 km (81 to 118 mi)[274] | Field testing planned with 500 units.[276] The first 10 units began field testing in Wolfsburg in May 2011.[277] A second batch of 80 test cars began testing in mid-2011 in Berlin, Hannover and Wolfsburg.[278] In February 2012, field testing began in California , and a total of 20 eGolfs will be allocated to the U.S. test program.[279]
Retail deliveries began in Europe in May 2014, and in October 2014 in the U.S. in selected markets.[275] (As of December 2015), a total of 19,131 units have been sold worldwide, with 14,542 in Europe[280][281] and 4,589 units in the U.S.[143][144] |
| Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive |  |
BEV | US$41,450[282] | 140 km (87 mi)[283] | Deliveries began in the U.S. in July 2014.[284] A total of 448 units have been sold in the U.S. through November 2014.[285] |
| Audi A3 Sportback e-tron | .jpg) |
PHEV | €37,000 US$49,000[286] |
50 km (31 mi)[287] | Field testing in the U.S. began by mid-2012 with a fleet of 17 all-electric A3s. The testing was conducted among Audi's engineers and company employees only.[288][289] Audi decided to produce only a plug-in hybrid version.[290]
Sales across Europe began in August 2014.[291] Deliveries in the U.S. began in December 2015.[292] The first 227 units were registered in Germany in August 2014.[293] (As of December 2015), global sales totaled 12,994 units, of which 12,945 units were registered in Europe[161] and 49 units in the United States.[294] |
| Volkswagen Golf GTE |  |
PHEV | €36,900[295] (~US$48,390) |
50 km (31 mi)[296] | The market launch in Europe was scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2014.[296] The first units were registered in Germany in August 2014.[293] European sales totaled 18,397 through December 2015.[161] |
| Mercedes-Benz S 500 e |  |
PHEV | €108,945[297] (~US$146,000) |
23 km (14 mi)[298] | Deliveries began in Europe in September 2014,[299][300] and in the U.S. in July 2015.[301] A total of 621 units have been registered in Europe through October 2015,[217] and 83 in the U.S. through November 2015.[208] |
| Denza |  |
BEV | CN¥369,000 (~ US$59,000)[304] |
300 km (190 mi)[304] | Deliveries to retail customers were scheduled to begin in September 2014. The Denza is available initially only in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen.[304] Sales totaled 132 units in 2014.[34] |
| Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid |  |
PHEV | €82,087 (~US$110,000)[305] in Germany US$76,400[306] in the U.S. |
23 km (14 mi) | Deliveries in Germany were scheduled to begin in October 2014.[305] Sales in the U.S. began November 2014. A total of 45 units were sold during its first month in the American market.[285] |
| Chery eQ | |
BEV | CN¥150,000 (~US$24,160)[307] |
200 km (120 mi)[307] | Deliveries began in China in November 2014.[308] A total of 542 units were sold in the country in 2014,[34] and cumulative sales totaled 2,671 units through June 2015.[31][34] |
| Volkswagen Passat GTE |  |
PHEV | Not available | 50 km (31 mi)[309] | The Passat GTE is the first plug-in hybrid available as both sedan and station wagon.[309] The first demo units were registered in Germany in January 2015.[310] A total of 1,067 units have been sold in Europe through October 2015.[217] |
| Mercedes-Benz C 350 e |  |
PHEV | €50,962 for the Saloon €52,628 for the Estate including |
31 km (19 mi)[311] | Available in two version, Saloon and Estate, the plug-in hybrid was released in Europe in March 2015.[311][312] A total of 2,599 units have been sold in Europe through October 2015.[217] |
| Audi Q7 e-tron |  |
PHEV | Not available | 56 km (35 mi)[313] | The first units of the diesel-powered SUV were registered in Germany in April 2015.[314] Cumulative sales in Germany totaled 344 units through April 2016.[268][315] |
| BYD Tang |  |
PHEV | CN¥300,000[316] (~ US$48,000) |
80 km (50 mi)[317] | Deliveries of the SUV began in China in June 2015.[31]
A total of 51,077 units have been sold in China through February 2017.[252][83][318] The Tang ranked as the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2016,[83] and also ranked as the world's third best-selling plug-in car in 2016.[49] |
| Volvo XC90 T8 |  |
PHEV | US$68,100[319] | 43 km (27 mi) (NEDC)[320] 23 km (14 mi) (EPA)[321] |
Deliveries of the XC90 T8 PHEV began in the United States in August 2015.[322] According to Volvo, sales of the plug-in variant represent 20% of Volvo XC90 global sales by mid-March 2016.[323]
Sales in Europe totaled 2,653 units in 2015.[161] Cumulative sales in the U.S. totaled 488 units up until February 2016.[144][324] |
| Tesla Model X |  |
BEV | US$79,990 to US$123,990[325] | 60 kWh:
200 mi (320 km) 75 kW·h: 237 mi (381 km)[325] 90 kW·h: 259 mi (417 km)[325] 100 kW·h: 289 mi (465 km)[325] Long Range Plus: 351 mi (564 km) |
Production was initially scheduled to start by the end of 2013, and later postponed several times in order to achieve Model S production targets and to focus on overseas roll outs.[326][327][328] The first six units were delivered in the U.S. in September 2015.[329] A variant with a larger 100 kW·h battery pack was introduced in August 2016.[128]
Global sales passed the 10,000 unit mark in August 2016.[330] Global deliveries totaled 25,524 units through December 2016.[49] The United States is its main market with 18,240 units delivered through December 2016.[49][331] |
| BYD e5 | |
BEV | Not available | 220 km (137 mi)[332] | Launched in China in September 2015, with 1,426 units sold in 2015.[333] A total of 14,645 units have been sold in China through November 2016.[82][246][248] |
| BMW X5 xDrive40e |  |
PHEV | Starts at US$63,095[334] |
23 km (14 mi)[335] | The production version was unveiled at the 2015 Shanghai Motor Show.[336] Retail deliveries in the U.S. began in October 2015.[337] A total of 285 units have been sold in the U.S. through November 2015,[208] and 371 in Europe through October 2015.[217] |
| Hyundai Sonata PHEV |  |
PHEV | Not available | 43 km (27 mi)[338] | The Sonata PHEV was released in the U.S. in November 2015 with 15 units delivered during its first month in the American market.[339] |
| Volvo S60L PHEV | |
PHEV | Not available | 53 km (33 mi)[340] | The first 181 S60L PHEVs were delivered in China in November 2015.[341] |
| BMW 330e iPerformance |  |
PHEV | US$44,695[342] | 23 km (14 mi)[343] | The first units were delivered in Europe by late 2015. A total of 68 units were sold in the Netherlands by the end of 2015.[147] Retail sales in the U.S. are scheduled to begin by mid-2016.[342] |
| Detroit Electric SP.01 |  |
BEV | US$135,000[344] | 290 km (180 mi)[344] | Sales in the United States were scheduled to begin in August 2013.[344][345] Production was delayed because, (As of August 2013), the company had not been able to secure an agreement for a manufacturing facility.[346] In 2015 the production facility was finally located in Leamington Spa, UK, and manufacturing began in late 2015. The first production unit was exported to China in February 2016 to be used as a demonstrator.[347] |
| BYD Qin EV300 | |
BEV | 259,800 rmb (~US$40,200)[348] |
300 km (190 mi)[349] | Launched in China in March 2016.[348] A total of 10,137 units were sold in China between March and November 2016.[82][246][248] |
| Mercedes-Benz GLC 350 e | |
PHEV | Not available | 31 km (19 mi) | Sales of the plug-in hybrid started in Germany in 2016.[350] A total of 15 units have been registered in Germany through May 2016.[351] |
| Mercedes-Benz GLE 550e | |
PHEV | Not available | 12 km (7.5 mi)[352] | The first 19 units were delivered in the American market in June 2016.[353] |
| Hyundai Ioniq Electric | .JPG) |
BEV | US$29,500[354] | 180 km (110 mi)[355] | The Ioniq Electric was released in South Korea in July 2016, and sold over 1,000 units during its first two months in the market.[356] Sales are scheduled to begin in the U.S. in the third quarter of 2017.[357] Global sales totaled 6,797 units through February 2017.[358] |
| BMW 740e iPerformance | .jpg) |
PHEV | €91,900[359] (~US$101,000) |
23 km (14 mi)[360] | Sales of the 740e iPerformance began in Germany in July 2016.[359] Deliveries in China began in September 2016.[361] |
| Toyota Prius Prime (2nd gen. Prius PHV) |
 |
PHEV | US$27,950[362] | 40 km (25 mi)[362] | Retail deliveries began in the U.S. in November 2016. A total of 781 units were sold during its first month in the American market, setting a new record monthly sales volume debut for any plug-in electric car released in the U.S.[363] The second generation Prius PHV was released in Japan on 15 February 2017.[364]
Retail deliveries are scheduled to begin in the UK in March 2017,[365] and in France in June 2017.[366] |
| Cadillac CT6 Plug-in Hybrid |  |
PHEV | China CN¥558,800 ( ~US$80,408) U.S. US$76,090[369] |
60 km (37 mi)[370] | Released in the Chinese market in December 2016. Sales in the U.S. are scheduled to begin in the second quarter of 2017.[369] |
| Kia Optima PHEV |  |
PHEV | Not available | 43 km (27 mi)[371] | Retail deliveries began in the U.S. in January 2017 with 40 units sold.[368] |
| Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in | .JPG) |
PHEV | Not available | 50 km (31 mi)[372] | The plug-in variant was released in February 2017.[358] Sales are scheduled to begin in the U.S. in the fourth quarter of 2017.[357] |
| Tesla Model 3 |  |
BEV | US$35,000 to US$50,000[373] |
50 kW·h: 250 mi (402 km)[373] 75 kW·h: 322mi (518 km)[373] |
Deliveries began in the U.S. in July 2017.[374] Retail deliveries in Europe and China began in February 2019.[375][376]
The Model 3 surpassed the Leaf in early 2020 to become the world's all-time best selling plug-in electric car, with more than 500,000 units sold by March 2020.[47] The Model 3 was the world's top selling plug-in electric car in 2018 and 2019.[377][378] |
| Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid |  |
PHEV | US$41,995[379] | 53 km (33 mi)[380] | A two-year demonstration program with 25 E85 flexible-fuel Chrysler Town & Country plug-in minivans began in April 2012. The first units were delivered in Auburn Hills, Michigan and Charlotte, North Carolina.[381][382]
The plug-in hybrid version of the next-generation Chrysler Pacifica minivan, marketed as Pacifica Hybrid, was shown at the 2016 Detroit Auto Show with a U.S. release scheduled for the second half of 2016.[383] |
| Range Rover Sport P400e | .jpg) |
PHEV | GB£72,185 GB£380/month[384] |
50 km (31 mi)[384] | In the P400e, the hybrid system can adapt electric motor usage to match journey characteristics by being linked to the car's sat-nav system.[384] This 400-plus horsepower luxury SUV has a CO2 emissions of 73g/km. |
| Notes: PHEV: Plug-in hybrid vehicle, BEV: Battery electric vehicle or electric car. (1) Plug-in conversions are not included. (2) Sales price does not reflect any government incentives or tax credits, except where noted. Prices are shown for comparison purposes only. Actual price may vary by country and by dealership.(3) U.S. price (4) US$32,780 is U.S. price, ¥3.76 million (US$40,500) in Japan, €32,839 (US$40,800) in the Netherlands and €34,955 (US$43,400) in Portugal, all before any government incentive and exchange rate as of May 18, 2010. | |||||
Models out of production (1970–2020)
| List of PEV automobiles, pickups, vans and SUVs commercially produced from 1970 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Image | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| Models out of production (1970–2020) | |||||
| Enfield 8000 |  |
BEV | GB£2,808 | ~56 km (35 mi) | British city car produced from 1973 to 1977 on the Isle of Wight and Syros. 120 units produced.[385] |
| Zagato Zele |  |
BEV | US$2,995 (1000 Series) US$3,395 (2000 Series) |
80 km (50 mi) | Italian microcar produced from 1974 to 1976. Sold in Europe as well as the United States as the Zagato Elcar. Approximately 500 units produced.[386] |
| Citicar |  |
BEV | US$2,690 | ~80 km (50 mi) | American microcar produced from 1974 to 1977. An upgrade version was later produced as the Comuta-Car until 1979.[386] Accounting all variants, a total of 4,444 units were produced, the most since 1945 from an American manufacturer until surpassed by the Tesla Model S.[387] |
| Golf I CitySTROMer |  |
BEV | 45,000DM (~US$34,000) | 60 km (37 mi) | Sold in Europe from 1984 to 1985. Around 100 production units were produced.[388] |
| Volkswagen Jetta CitySTROMer | |
BEV | 50,000DM (~US$37,000) | 190 km (118 mi) (lead–acid batteries) 249 km (155 mi) (sodium–sulfur batteries) |
Sold in Europe in from 1984 to at least 1987.[389] |
| VAZ-1111e |  |
BEV | - | ~62 mi (100 km) | Built on order in the Soviet Union (later Russia ) from 1989 to 1998.[390] |
| Fiat Panda Elettra |  |
BEV | €16,850 (~US$25,000) | 100 km (62 mi) | Sold in Europe in 1990.[391] |
| Fiat Cinquecento Elettra | |
BEV | 140,000 francs (~US$159,000) | 100 km (62 mi) (lead–acid batteries) 150 km (93 mi) (NiCd batteries) |
Produced from 1992 to 1996, popular in Italy, France and Switzerland .[392] A total of 45 units were registered in Norway.[5] |
| Renault Clio Electrique | |
BEV | 3,750,000 pesetas (~US$30,800)[393] | 85 km (53 mi)[394] | Approximately 1000 units sold from 1992 to 1996, mostly in Sweden.[395][396] A total of 26 units were registered in Norway between 1996 and 2002.[5] |
| Škoda Favorit Eltra 151 & 151L | |
BEV | 25,000DM (~US$20,000)[397] | 80 km (50 mi)[397] | Produced from 1992–1993; sold in Western Europe.[398] |
| Chrysler TEVan | |
BEV | US$120,000 | 80 km (50 mi) | Only 56 units produced between 1993 and 1995. Sold primarily to electric utilities in the U.S. |
| Citroën AX Electrique | |
BEV | - | 100 km (62 mi) | Around 300 units produced from 1995 to 1996.[399] |
| PIVCO CityBee (PIV3) |  |
BEV | - | - | Third generation EV from PIVCO, but the first to move beyond prototype status and serial production. Around 115 units produced between 1995 and 1996, mainly for public carsharing programs throughout California and Scandinavia. 35 united were deployed in San Francisco and 60 in Oslo, while additional units were sold in Stockholm and Stavanger.[400] |
| Volkswagen Golf Mk3 citySTROMer | .jpg) |
BEV | 49,500DM (~US$37,000) | 90 km (56 mi) | Sold in Europe in from 1995 to 1998 with around 300 produced.[401] A total of 13 units were registered in Norway between 1995 and 1999 [5] |
| Fiat Seicento Elettra | |
BEV | €21,000 (~US$29,000)[402] | 90 km (56 mi) | Produced from 1995 to 2005, sold throughout Western Europe.[403] |
| Citroën Saxo Electrique/Peugeot 106 Electrique |  |
BEV | - | 109 km (68 mi) | Produced from 1996 to 2003 and sold only in Europe, with approximately 12,000 units made.[404][405]
A total of 221 Citroën Saxo Electrique and 210 Peugeot 106 Electrique cars were registered in Norway through September 2013.[5] |
| General Motors EV1 | .jpg) |
BEV | Leasing only US$349 to 499[406] |
121 km (75 mi) | A total of 1,117 units leased in the U.S. from 1996 to 2003.[407] All cars were repossessed and most were crushed. About 40 units were delivered to museums and educational institutes with their electric powertrains deactivated. The only intact EV1 was donated to the Smithsonian Institution.[408] |
| Toyota RAV4 EV |  |
BEV | Leasing only US$457[406] |
160 km (100 mi) | A total of 1,484 units in the U.S. leased from 1997 to 2003. As of mid-2012, there were almost 500 units still in use.[409] |
| Nissan Altra |  |
BEV | Leasing only US$599[406] |
230 km (140 mi) | Produced from 1998 to 2001. A total of 81 units were leased in the U.S.[406] |
| Dodge Caravan EPIC | |
BEV | Leasing only US$450[406] |
130 km (80 mi) | Produced from 1999 to 2001. Only 207 vans were produced for the U.S. market.[406] |
| Honda EV Plus |  |
BEV | Leasing only US$455[406] |
160 km (100 mi) | Around 276 units leased in the U.S. Production ended in 1999.[406][407] |
| Ford TH!NK City |  |
BEV | Leasing only | ~80 km (50 mi)[410] | Leased 440 units in the U.S. from 1999 until 2003.[407] |
| Nissan Hypermini |  |
BEV | 4,000,000 yen (~US$46,600) |
114 km (71 mi)[411] | Sold and leased 219 units in Japan and the United States from 1999 to 2001. |
| Th!nk City |  |
BEV | US$36,495(3) | 160 km (100 mi) | First launched in December 2008 but production was halted due to financial difficulties.[412] Production restarted in Finland in December 2009.[413] Sold in several European countries and the U.S.[414][415] In June 2011 Think Global filed for bankruptcy and production was halted.[416] The new owner scheduled to restart production in early 2012 with a refined Think City.[417]
(As of October 2010), a total of 2,500 units had been manufactured at Oslo-based TH!NK's production facility.[418] Between 2010 and 2011 a total of 121 units were sold in France.[419][420] Norway was the leading market with 1,120 units registered through September 2013.[5] |
| Mini E |  |
BEV | Leasing only US$850/month reduced to US$600 for 2nd year[421] |
160 km (100 mi) | Field testing with 500 units began in the U.S. in June 2009 and ended in December 2011.[422][423] Testing in the U.K. began in December 2009 and ended in March 2011.[424] and Munich in September 2010.[425] |
| Tesla Roadster |  |
BEV | US$109,500 | 365 km (227 mi)[426][427] | Production began in March 2008 and ended in January 2012.[428][429] More than 2,418 units were sold worldwide through September 2012. Most of the remaining Tesla Roadsters were sold in Europe and Asia during the fourth quarter of 2012.[430][431][432] The U.S. was the leading market with about 1,800 units sold.[433] A total of 575 units had been sold in Europe through October 2012.[65] |
| REVAi / G-Wiz REVA L-ion |
 |
BEV | US$12,500[434] to GB£15,795 (L-Ion)[435] |
77 km (48 mi) 121 km (75 mi) (L-ion) |
Launched in 2001, it was followed in January 2009 by the REVA L-ion. The car was available in 26 countries including India, the UK, Norway, France, Germany, Spain, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Philippines.[436][437] Production ended in 2012 and was replaced in 2013 by the Mahindra e2o.[438]
About 4,600 vehicles were sold worldwide by late 2013, with India as its main market with 55% of global sales.[439] Sales in the UK, one of its main markets, ended by late 2011.[440] |
| BYD F3DM |  |
PHEV | 149,800 yuan (~US$21,900) US market: US$28,800 Spain:€27,585 |
97 km (60 mi)[441] | The F3DM is the world's first mass-produced plug-in hybrid automobile.[442][443] The F3DM was launched in December 2008 for the Chinese market for fleet customers and in March 2010 to the general public in Shenzhen.[444][445] Sales in Spain began in August 2011.[446] Sales in the U.S. were scheduled for 2012 but never took place.[441][447]
Since 2008 a total of 3,284 F3DMs were sold in China through October 2013.[448][449][450][451] Due to low sales, the F3DM will be replaced by the BYD Qin plug-in hybrid.[452] (As of May 2013), the F3DM was no longer in production, but the remaining stock was still on sale (As of October 2013).[453] |
| Coda |  |
BEV | US$37,250 [454] (basic model) |
142 km (88 mi)[455] | After rescheduling the market launch several times, deliveries to retail customers in the United States began in March 2012.[456] The car was sold only in California and 117 units were delivered through April 2013.[457] By September 2013, a total of 50 cars left in stock and 100 gliders were available for sale at a discounted price in the U.S. and abroad.[458] |
| Fisker Karma |  |
PHEV | US$102,000 (basic model) US$116,000 (top model)[459] |
51 km (32 mi) | The first deliveries in the United States took place in late July 2011,[460] but deliveries to retail customers began in November 2011.[461] Production was suspended in November 2012 due to financial difficulties.[462] Fisker Automotive filed for bankruptcy in November 2013.[463] About 2,450 Karmas were built since 2011.[464] As a result of flash floods caused by Hurricane Sandy, 16 Karmas caught fire and another 330 units were lost when an entire shipment from Europe was flooded.[465][466] Sales were led by the United States with about 1,600 units sold.[433] A total of 533 units were sold in Europe through December 2014. The Netherlands was the top selling European market for the Karma, with 188 units,[467] followed by Switzerland with 67 units,[468] and Belgium with 65 units sold through December 2013.[469][470] Sales in Canada totaled 90 units through December 2013.[471][472] |
| BMW ActiveE |  |
BEV | Leasing only US$499/month for 24 months + US$2,250 downpayment[473] |
151 km (94 mi)[474] | Field testing in the U.S. began in January 2012, after the Mini E trial ended.[423] Available only in Los Angeles , New York City , San Diego, San Francisco , Sacramento, Boston, and select markets in Connecticut.[475] This was a demonstration program only with no plans for a production version. The ActiveE was followed by mass-production of the BMW i3 electric car. A total of 671 units were leased in the U.S. through September 2013.[66][476] |
| Lumeneo Neoma |  |
BEV | €21,700 (~US$28,900)+ a monthly fee for the battery[477] |
140 km (87 mi)[477] | Sales began in France in May 2013. The battery was leased for €145 per month.[477] Only 3 units were sold during its first month in the market.[478] After selling only 10 units Lumeneo filed for bankruptcy in November 2013.[479] |
| Wheego Whip LiFe |  |
BEV | US$32,995 | 160 km (100 mi) | U.S. sales began in April 2011.[480] About 400 units were sold through 2013, when production ended.[481] |
| Mia electric |  |
BEV | €19,500 US$25,700 |
130 km (81 mi)[482] | Production began in June 2011 and sales were limited to fleet customers in France and Germany. Sales to the public started in 2012.[483] A total of 660 passenger cars were sold in Europe through October 2012.[65] Also, 123 units of the Mia U box van were sold in Europe through October 2012.[65] France was the leading market with 843 units registered since 2011 through March 2014.[478]
Production stopped in December 2013 due to financial problems.[484] The Tribunal de Commerce de Niort placed the company in judicial liquidation in March 2014.[485] |
| Honda Fit EV |  |
BEV | Leasing only US$389/month for 3 years [486] |
132 km (82 mi)[487] | Production will be limited to only 1,100 units over the first three years. Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. began in July 2012 with availability limited to California and Oregon.[486] Sales were scheduled to begin in selected markets in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, New York, and New Jersey by late February 2013.[488]
A total of 1,070 units were leased in the U.S. through April 2015.[66][95][143][489] In July 2014 Honda announced the end of production of the Fit EV for the 2015 model, together with the Honda Insight hybrid and the Honda FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel-cell car.[490] In March 2015 Honda offered a two-year lease extension to existing lessees, and also to new customers on used cars, at a reduced priced. In both cases there is no purchase option at the end of the lease.[491] The Fit EV was released through leasing to local government and corporate customers in Japan in August 2012. Availability in Japan was limited to 200 units during its first two years.[492] |
| RAV4 EV second generation |  |
BEV | US$49,800[493] | 166 km (103 mi)[494] | A demonstration program took place in 2011 with 35 converted RAV4s.[495] U.S. sales began in late September 2012.[496] Produced jointly by Toyota and Tesla Motors.[497][498] Production was limited to 2,600 units through 2014 and was available only in California.[493][499] The battery supply deal between Toyota and Tesla concluded at the end of 2014.[500]
The production run ended in September 2014.[501] A total of 2,489 units were sold in the U.S. through April 2015.[66][143][489] |
| Porsche 918 Spyder |  |
PHEV | US$845,000[502] | 19 km (12 mi)[503] | Porsche limited production to 918 units, sold as a 2014 model year. The supercar is capable of reaching 100 mph (160 km/h) in all-electric mode.[502] Retail deliveries began in Europe in May 2014.[citation needed] Deliveries in the United States began in June 2014.[504]
The entire production run was sold out in December 2014. The country with the most orders was the United States with 297 units.[505] Production ended in June 2015.[506] The United States is the leading market with 231 units delivered through June 2015.[507] A total of 19 units had been delivered in Canada by the end of June 2015.[507] (As of October 2014), a total of 9 units were registered in Switzerland,[508] 6 in the Netherlands,[509] and 4 in Sweden.[510] |
| McLaren P1 |  |
PHEV | GB£866,000[511] (~ US$1.3 million) |
31 km (19 mi)[512] | Deliveries to retail customers started in the UK in October 2013.[513] Production is limited to 375 units to maintain exclusivity.[514] The entire production was sold out by mid November 2013.[515] The production run ended in December 2015.[516]
According to JATO Dynamics, only 20 units were registered worldwide during the first nine months of 2014.[299] The United States accounted for 34% of the limited production run, and Europe for 26%.[516] About 127 units sold in the United States through December 2015.[516] (As of October 2014), a total of 12 P1s were registered in Switzerland during 2014.[508] |
| Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive |  |
BEV | €416,500 (US$544,236) in Germany[517] |
250 km (160 mi)[518] | Limited production. Sales began in Europe in June 2013.[519] Fewer than 100 units were sold.[520] |
| Audi R8 e-tron |  |
BEV | €1000000 (US$1.1 million)[521] |
450 km (280 mi)[522] | Available only in Europe in 2015. Less than 100 units were sold.[521] |
| Chevrolet Volt (1st generation) Opel Ampera Chevrolet Volt (2nd generation) |
 125px|center  |
PHEV | 1st generation US$41,000 (MY 2011)[523] US$39,995 (MY 2012)[524] US$34,995 (MY 2014)[525] 2nd generation US$33,995 (MY 2016)[526] |
1st generation 56 km (35 mi)[527] 2nd generation 85 km (53 mi)[528] |
Volt deliveries in the U.S. began in December 2010[529] and in September 2011 in Canada.[530] European customer deliveries of the Opel Ampera began in February 2012.[531]
(As of November 2016), the Volt/Ampera family ranked as the world's best-selling plug-in car in history, with global sales of more than 130,500 units, including over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold through June 2016.[532] Sales are led by the Chevrolet Volt, with the United States as its main market with 109,798 units sold followed by Canada with 8,612, both through November 2016,[532] and the Netherlands with 1,065 units registered until December 2014.[533] (As of December 2015), Ampera sales in Europe were led by the Netherlands with 5,031 units registered,[534][535][536] followed by Germany with 1,542 units registered,[23][24][25][26][149] and the UK with 1,279 registered at the end of September 2015.[116] In July 2014, Opel announced that due to the slowdown in sales, the Ampera would be discontinued after the launch of second generation Volt.[537] Production of the first generation 2015 model year Volt ended in mid-May 2015,[538] while manufacturing of pre-production units of the second generation began in March 2015.[539] In April 2015, General Motors confirmed that it would not build the second generation Volt in right-hand-drive configuration. Due to low sales in Australia the Holden Volt was discontinued after the remaining stock was sold out.[540] Retail deliveries of the second generation Volt began in the U.S. and Canada in October 2015 as a 2016 model year.[541][542] Availability in the American market is limited to California and the other 10 states that follow California's zero emission vehicle regulations. The second generation Volt went on sale as a 2017 model year in the 39 remaining states by the second quarter of 2016.[541] Production ended in February 2019.[543] |
| BMW i8 Coupé BMW i8 Roadster |
 .jpg) |
PHEV | US$135,925 (~ €103,000 GB£86,800)[544] |
37 km (23 mi)(NEDC)[545] 24 km (15 mi) (EPA)[546] |
Retail deliveries began in Germany in June 2014,[547] and in the U.S. started in August 2014.[548] Deliveries of the roadster variant began in May 2018.[549]
Global sales to retail customers totaled more than 20,000 units by March 2020, and production ended in April 2020.[550] The United States was the leading market with 6,776 units sold through December 2019.[551] |
Models for testing and pre-production
| List of PEV automobiles, pickups, vans and SUVs developed for field testing and pre-production (2009–2020) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| PEVs currently undergoing field testing or demonstration programs | ||||
 |
PHEV | Not available | 48 km (30 mi) | Field testing with 20 units began in 2009 with utility company fleets in the U.S. and Canada.[552] |
|
PHEV | Not available | 20 to 30 km (12 to 19 mi) | Field testing with two demonstrators in Göteborg, Sweden since December 2009.[553] Sales of a series production diesel-electric plug-in hybrid scheduled as early as 2012.[554] |
 |
PHEV | Not available | 25.5 km (15.8 mi)[555] | Field testing with 60 units in Japan was scheduled for late 2010.[556] Initially sales were slated for 2013.[557] In March 2014 Maruti Suzuki announced that it will provide several copies of the production version, renamed Swift Range Extender, as part of a pilot project to be conducted in partnership with the Indian government during 2014–15.[555] |
 |
PHEV | Not available | 50 km (31 mi) | Field testing planned for late 2010 with 20 units in Munich.[558] |
 |
BEV | Not available | 138 km (86 mi) | Field testing with 30 units in South Korea by late 2010. Sales scheduled by late 2012 limited to domestic market.[559] |
.JPG) |
BEV | GB£29,000[560] | 180 km (110 mi) | Field testing in the West Midlands began in April 2011 with 25 units. Market launch in the UK was scheduled for mid-2011 and postponed. Demonstration program in the UK will continue with Tata employees.[561][562] |
 |
PHEV | Not available | 32 km (20 mi) | Field testing in the United States with 140 units began in 2011 with local and state governments, utility companies, and a U.S. Army base. This is a demonstration program only, and Chrysler has no plans for a production version.[563][564]
In September 2012 Chrysler halted the program and recalled all 109 units deployed at the time due to damage sustained by three separate pickup trucks when their 12.9-kilowatt-hour battery packs overheated. The carmaker plans to upgrade the battery packs with cells that use a different lithium-ion chemistry before the vehicles go back on service. Also 23 Chrysler Town & Country plug-in hybrids part of the program were recalled, even though no minivans were involved in any fire incidents.[565] |
|
BEV | Leasing only (pricing not available) |
124.3 mi (200 km) | Demonstration program with 500 cars was scheduled to begin in September 2011 in several European countries, including Germany , France , and the Netherlands.[566][567] |
|
PHEV | Not available | 57 km (35 mi) | Field testing with 20 research vehicles began in early 2011.[568] Production is expected for 2015.[569] |
|
BEV | Not available | 200 km (124 mi) | Field testing with 70 ePower demonstrators in Sweden was scheduled for late 2011.[570] It is unknown how many cars were built before the carmaker went bankrupt.[571] The new owners, NEV Sweden, stated that they intend to start producing the all-electric 9-3 ePower to be launched in China in 2015. The production version is slated to be unveiled at the 2014 Frankfurt Motor Show.[572][573]
In April 2014 NEV began production of a batch of 200 units to be tested in Qingdao, China by mid 2014. After the test, sales are scheduled to begin in Sweden in 2015.[574] |
 |
BEV | Not available | 138 km (86 mi)[575] | Production limited to 2,500 units to be delivered in 2012 for South Korea 's government agencies use.[575] In May 2013 a carsharing service was rolled out in Seoul with 184 Kia Ray EVs. The service has 15,000 registered customers.[576] The Ray EV is a predecessor to an all-electric crossover that Kia is expected to launch globally in 2014.[577] |
 Toyota eQ (Japan) |
BEV | ¥3.6 million (~US$$45,000)[578] |
80 km (50 mi)[579] | Initially Toyota announced that production would be limited to 600 units, with 400 staying in Japan, 100 units destined to the U.S. and another 100 for Europe.[580] In September 2012 Toyota announced that the iQ EV/eQ production would be still more limited, to about 100 units for special fleet use in Japan and the U.S. only.[578]
The first 30 units were delivered to the University of California, Irvine in March 2013 for use in its Zero Emission Vehicle-Network Enabled Transport (ZEV-NET) carsharing fleet. Toyota announced that 90 out of the 100 vehicles produced globally will be placed in American carsharing demonstration projects.[579] In September 2013, another 30 units were allocated to City Carshare to operate Dash, a three-year pilot carsharing program in Hacienda Business Park, in Pleasanton, California.[581] |
| Sail Springo EV | BEV | RMB 258,000 (US$41,460)[582] |
130 km (81 mi)[582] | 11 units were deployed in 2012.[32] A limited number of cars are scheduled to be sold in Shanghai in 2013 as part of a trial program.[582] |
| PEVs with market launch scheduled between 2017–2020 | ||||
 |
PHEV | US$52,395[583] | 30 km (19 mi)[583] (EPA) |
The 530e iPerformance is scheduled to be released in Europe in March 2017 as part of the upcoming seventh generation BMW 5 Series lineup.[584] |
 |
PHEV | Not available | 50 km (WLTP) | Launch in 2020 |
 |
PHEV | Not available | 50 km (WLTP) | Launch in 2019 |
| DS 8 | PHEV | Not available | 50 km (WLTP) | Launch in 2019 or 2020[585] |
|
PHEV | Not available | 40 km (25 mi)[586] | The MINI Cooper Countryman plug-in hybrid is scheduled to be released in June 2017.[587] |
|
PHEV fuel cell vehicle | Not available | Not available | Sales of the plug-in hybrid fuel cell SUV are scheduled to start in 2017.[588] |
 |
PHEV | Not available | 50 km (WLTP) | Launch in 2019 |
_Front.jpg) |
PHEV | Not available | 50 km (WLTP) | Launch in 2019 |
_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht,_7._Mai_2017,_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg) |
PHEV | Not available | 50 km (WLTP) | Launch in 2019 |
|
BEV | Not available | Not available | Sales are scheduled to begin in the U.S. in 2017.[589] |
 |
PHEV | Not available | 64 km (40 mi)[589] | Sales are scheduled to begin in the U.S. in 2017, and available in all 50 states.[589] |
 |
BEV | Not available | 350 km (220 mi) (NEDC) |
Production scheduled for 2018.[590] |
|
BEV | Not available | 500 km (310 mi)[591] (NEDC) |
Production scheduled for 2018.[591] |
|
BEV | Not available | 320 km (200 mi)[591] (NEDC) |
Production scheduled for 2018.[591] |
 |
BEV | Not available | over 300 km (WLTP) | Launch in 2019 |
 |
BEV | Not available | 500 km (310 mi)[591] (NEDC) |
Production scheduled for 2019.[591] |
 |
BEV | Not available | 500 km (310 mi)[592] (NEDC) |
Production scheduled for 2019.[591][592] |
| Opel/Vauxhall Adam[593] | BEV | Not available | Not available | |
| Opel/Vauxhall Corsa | BEV | Not available | About 340 km (WLTP) | Launch in 2019[594] |
| Opel/Vauxhall Mokka | BEV | Not available | Not available | Launch in 2020[594] |
| Peugeot e-208 | BEV | Not available | 340 km (WLTP) | Launch in 2019 |
| Peugeot e-2008 | BEV | Not available | Not available | Launch in 2020 |
| Notes: PHEV: Plug-in hybrid vehicle, BEV: Battery electric vehicle or electric car. (1) Plug-in conversions are not included. (2) Sales price does not reflect any government incentives or tax credits. Prices are shown for comparison purposes only. Actual price may vary by country, by region and by dealership. | ||||
Plug-in electric motorcycles commercially produced
| List of PEV motorcycles commercially produced (1990–2019) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| Models out of production | ||||
| Peugeot Scoot'Elec | BEV | unknown | 25 mi (40 km)[595] | Electric scooter with over 3,500 units sold from 1996 to 2006.[596] |
 |
BEV | ¥200,000 (US$1,625)[597] | 32 km (20 mi)[597] | 2002–2007; production halted after Li-ion battery recall |
 |
BEV | ~US$2,000[598] | 40 mi (64 km)[598] | Light electric motorcycle released in 2005 and discontinued in 2007. It glows in the dark and comes with iPod connectivity. |
| Models currently available in some markets | ||||
| Ather 450 | BEV | US$1,750[599] | 46.6 mi (75.0 km)[599] | 0-25 mph in 3.9 seconds. Sales began in September 2018.[600] Currently available in two Indian cities.[601] |
 |
BEV | US$7,995[602] | 40 mi (64 km)[603] | Sales began in July 2009,[604] and sales began at select Best Buy stores in August 2009.[605] |
 |
PHEV | €9,000 (~US$11,600)[606] |
12.5 mi (20.1 km)[606] | Plug-in hybrid three-wheel scooter sold in Europe.[606] |
 |
BEV | €8,000before incentives and taxes | 124 mi (200 km)[607] | Street fighter style smart electric motorcycle. First delivery Q1 2018 in Europe. Currently on sale in China. Currently the fastest production electric motorcycle produced in Asia. |
 |
BEV | US$10,995[608] | 50 mi (80 km)[608] | High speed motorcycle. Began shipping in 2009. |
| Zero DS | BEV | US$10,995[609] | 50 mi (80 km)[609] | High speed motorcycle. |
| Zero X | BEV | US$7,495[610] | 40 mi (64 km)[610] | Electric dirtbike, intended to be driven both on and offroad. |
| Zero MX | BEV | US$8,295[611] | 40 mi (64 km)[611] | Electric dirtbike, intended to be driven both on and offroad. |
 |
BEV | US$10,495[612] | 55 mi (89 km)[613] | American electric heavy-duty scooter. Bankrupt in 2013. |
| Yamaha EC-03 | BEV | ~US$2,915[614] | 43 km (27 mi)[614] | Light electric motorcycle, released in July 2010 as a 2011 model.[614] |
 |
BEV | US$10,995[615] | 75 mi (121 km) EPA city[615] | Light electric motorcycle. Deliveries commenced in late 2012. |
 |
BEV | Empulse US$16,995 Empulse R US$18,995[616] |
121 mi (195 km) EPA city 56 mi (90 km) constant 70 mph (110 km/h) [617] |
Electric sportbike with six-speed gearbox. Deliveries commenced in late 2012. |
 |
BEV | US$1,505 - US$2,450 | 50 mi (80 km) 31 mph (50 km/h) |
November 20, 2018 |
Models in pre-production and testing
| List of PEV motorcycles in field testing and pre-production (2007–2019) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| PEVs currently undergoing field testing or demonstration programs | ||||
| Suzuki e-Let's | BEV |
unknown |
19 mi (31 km) [618] |
Currently testing on Japanese roads. Based on the Suzuki Let’s4 basket.[619] |
| PEVs with market launch scheduled between 2010–2012 | ||||
| Smart eScooter | BEV |
unknown |
62 mi (100 km) |
4 kW scooter that currently exists as a concept vehicle but is likely to enter production. It features solar cells on the windscreen to trickle charge the batteries.[620][621][622] |
Plug-in electric utility vehicles commercially produced
| List of PEV utility vehicles commercially produced (1980–2017) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| Models out of production | ||||
| Citroën C15 Électrique | BEV | - | 62 mi (100 km) | Electric van produced in 1989, with production totaling 400 units.[623] |
| Citroën C25 Électrique/Peugeot J5 Électrique | BEV | ₣150,000 (~US$32,500) | 62 mi (100 km)[598] | Large, heavy duty van sold mostly to government administrations. Produced from 1989 to 1991.[624] |
 |
BEV | Sales and leasing US$440[406] |
100 mi (160 km) | Electric pickup truck produced between 1997 and 1998. Out of 492 units produced about 60 were sold to fleet customers in the U.S.[406] |
 |
BEV | Sales and leasing US$349 to 450[406] |
65 mi (105 km) | Electric pickup truck leased to 205 individuals and 1,500 units to fleets in the U.S. from 1998 to 2002.[406][407] |
| Renault Kangoo Électrique | BEV | - | 62 mi (100 km)[625] | Electric van sold in Europe from 1998 to 2004, with an optional petrol range extender.[626] |
 |
BEV | GB£15,895 (~US$25,500) | 60 mi (97 km)[627] | Electric van sold in Europe from 1998 to 2005.[628] |
| Mercedes-Benz Vito 108E | BEV | - | 81 mi (130 km)[629] | Large van designed for use by postal services.[630] |
 |
BEV | - | 100 mi (160 km) | Around 400 units were produced between 2007 and 2010.[631] The technology was licensed to Navistar International in 2009 through a joint venture, and later Navistar bought the intellectual property rights from the bankruptcy administrators.[632] The Modec EV was produced in three version: a chassis cab, box van and a dropside. |
 |
BEV | US$57,400 | 56 mi (90 km) | Deliveries for fleet customers in the U.S. and Canada began in December 2010.[633] Production of the electric van was stopped in March 2012 as a result of the company's bankruptcy protection filing. Ford continues to provide servicing.[634] Around 500 units were sold before Azure stopped production.[635] |
 |
BEV | US$100,000[636] | 120 mi (190 km) | First deliveries of the all-electric van in the U.S. took place in January 2012.[637] The EV was available in four configurations: delivery van, 15 passenger shuttle, service body and flat bed.[638] Boulder Electric Vehicles ended production in September 2014.[639] |
| Models currently available in some markets (2006–2017) | ||||
 |
BEV | Starts at GB£78,400[640] |
55 to 110 mi (89 to 177 km)[641] | First deliveries took place in the UK in 2006 and is sold worldwide. The Newton is available with three different payload capacities from 6,100 to 16,200 lb (2,800 to 7,300 kg).[641] |
| Smith Edison | BEV | Starts at GB£57,566[640] |
40 to 120 mi (64 to 193 km)[641] | The Newton is available as a chassis cab, delivery van and minibus, with payload capacities from 1,600 to 5,100 lb (730 to 2,310 kg). Sold worldwide except in the U.S.[641] |
 |
BEV | Not available | 80 mi (130 km) | Serial production began with 100 vehicles by late 2010 and 2,000 vehicles planned to be produced in 2011. Based on the Ford Transit chassis, is available for fleet rentals in Europe on a trial basis.[642][643] A total of 172 units have been registered in Europe through October 2012.[65] |
 |
BEV | US$150,000[644] | 100 mi (160 km) | Production of the all-electric van began in the U.S. in March 2010 under license from Modec and first deliveries began two months later.[645] Navistar bought the intellectual property rights in 2011.[632] Around 100 units were built during 2011.[646] |
_demo-car.jpg) |
BEV | ¥2,400,000 to ¥2,971,000 (~US$31,131 to US$38,538) depending on battery size[647] | 62 mi (100 km) (10.5 kWh model) 93 mi (150 km) (16.0 kWh model)[647] |
Testing began on Japanese roads in October 2010 and was released in the domestic market in December 2011.[648][649]
A total of 4,984 units have been sold in Japan through April 2014.[650] A utility truck version of the Minicab MiEV was launched in January 2013,[651] with sales totaling 625 units through April 2014.[650] |
 |
BEV | €25,200 HT[652] | 170 km (110 mi)[652] | Since 2013, with Mitsubishi technology. |
 |
BEV | €20,000 + a €72/month fee for the battery (France) [653] GB££21,038 + a GB£78/month fee for the battery (UK)[654] |
170 km (110 mi)[653] | Available for sale in several European countries. Monthly battery fees vary depending on annual mileage.
The Kangoo Z.E. is the market leader of the small all-electric van segment. Global cumulative sales passed the 10,000 mark in early September 2013.[655] The Kangoo Z.E. is also the best selling all-electric vehicle in France with 9,125 units sold through June 2014.[419][656][657][658] Global sales reached 23,219 units through June 2016.[659] |
 |
BEV | €25,058[660] (US$34,950) in Germany |
170 km (110 mi) NEDC[660] |
Trials with Japan Post Service began in July 2011, followed by trials with FedEx in London starting in December 2011.[661][662][663] More testing with a more advanced pre-production version took place in Singapore, the UK, the U.S. and Brazil.[664][665][666] A more extensive 6-month trial with 28 units delivered to British Gas began in the UK in November 2013.[667]
The production version was unveiled at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show. The e-NV200 was released in Europe in June 2014, followed by Japan in October 2014.[668] Over 5,200 units have been sold worldwide by October 2015, with 4,752 sold in Europe and about 500 in Japan.[217][280][669] The e-NV200 was the top selling electric commercial van in Europe in 2016 with 4,319 units delivered.[153][670] |
 |
PHEV | - | - | Plug-in hybrid van featuring a 1.5L turbo engine coupled with a 110 kW electric motor. It is based on the Nissan e-NV200.[671] |
| Mahindra eSupro | EV | ₹845,000[672] | ~150 km (93 mi)[672] | Compact van available in passenger and cargo variants.[672] |
| Notes: PHEV: Plug-in hybrid vehicle, BEV: Battery electric vehicle or electric car. (1) Plug-in conversions are not included. (2) Sales price does not reflect any government incentives or tax credits. | ||||
Models in pre-production and testing
| PEVs with market launch scheduled between 2014–2017 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| PEVs currently undergoing field testing or demonstration programs | ||||
 |
BEV | Not available | Not available | [673] |
 |
BEV | Not available | Not available | Launch in 2020[674] |
 |
BEV | Not available | Not available | Launch in 2020[673] |
 |
BEV | Not available | Not available | [673] |
|
BEV | Not available | Not available | Launch in 2020[674] |
 |
BEV | Not available | Not available | [673] |
 |
BEV | Not available | Not available | Launch in 2020[674] |
 |
BEV | Not available | Not available | Launch in 2020[673] |
 |
BEV | Not available | Not available | Launch in 2020[674] |
|
PHEV | expected US$79,000 | up to 40 mi (64 km) [675] | Fleet Deliveries expected in 2014. Private Customer Deliveries expected in 2015.[676] |
|
BEV | NA | 208 km (129 mi).[677] | Retail deliveries slated for 2017.[677] |
Electric bicycles
Electric bicycles can be separated into different categories. The amount just of Pedelec models currently and past available in Europe is about 12000.[678]
- E-bikes with pedal-assist only: either pedelecs (legally classed as bicycles) or S-Pedelecs (often legally classed as mopeds)
- Pedelecs: have pedal-assist only, motor assists only up to a decent but not excessive speed (usually 25 km/h), motor power up to 250 watts, often legally classed as bicycles
- S-Pedelecs: have pedal-assist only, motor power can be greater than 250 watts, can attain a higher speed (e.g., 45 km/h) before motor stops assisting, legally classed as a moped or motorcycle (not a bicycle)
- E-bikes with power-on-demand and pedal-assist
- E-bikes with power-on-demand only: often have more powerful motors than pedelecs but not always, the more powerful of these are legally classed as mopeds or motorcycles
See also
- Electric car use by country
- List of electric cars currently available
- Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
- List of hybrid vehicles
- List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles available in the United States
- List of production battery electric vehicles
References
External links
- Akaki Mamaladze on production of first electric cars in Caucasus (Georgia): "Our childhood dreams come true" — Interview of A.Mamaladze, director of AIProduction, for Caucasian Journal
- Meet the Fleet by Plugincars.com
- Plug-in Vehicle Tracker: What's Coming, When by Plug In America
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