Earth:Phu Kradung Formation

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Short description: Geologic formation in Thailand
Phu Kradung Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
~Tithonian–Berriasian
Phu Kradung Formation palaeoenvironment.png
Paleoenvironment of the Phu Kradung Formation
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofKhorat Group
UnderliesPhra Wihan Formation
OverliesNam Phong Formation
Lithology
PrimarySiltstone, mudstone
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 17°12′N 102°24′E / 17.2°N 102.4°E / 17.2; 102.4
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 14°42′N 108°30′E / 14.7°N 108.5°E / 14.7; 108.5
RegionIsan
Country Thailand
ExtentKhorat Plateau
Type section
Named byWard & Bunnag
Year defined1964
Phu Kradung Formation is located in Thailand
Phu Kradung Formation
Phu Kradung Formation (Thailand)

The Early Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation is the lowest member of the Mesozoic Khorat Group which outcrops on the Khorat Plateau in Isan, Thailand. This geological formation consists of micaceous, brown to reddish-brown siltstone beds with minor brown and grey shale and sandstone beds. Occasional lime-noduled conglomerate occurs.[1]

The Phu Kradung Formation sediments were deposited in a lake-dominated floodplain cut by meandering and occasionally braided river channels.[2]

The Phu Kradung Formation is considered, on the basis of recent vertebrae fossil discoveries, to be Late Jurassic in age. However, new palynology and biostratigraphic data suggests an age of Early Cretaceous for the upper section.[2][3]

Dinosaur remains have been recovered from this formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[4][5]

Chalawan, an extinct genus of pholidosaurid mesoeucrocodylian, is currently known solely from its holotype, a nearly complete mandible collected in the early 1980s from a road-cut near the town of Nong Bua Lamphu in the upper part of the Phu Kradung Formation. This single specimen is the most well preserved vertebrate fossil that has been found from the formation. It contains a single species, Chalawan thailandicus.[6]

Fossil content

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Brachyopidae indet. Phu Noi locality, Kham Muang district, Kalasin province.[7] Posterior part of the skull (KS34-1481) and two intercentra (KS34-1474 and KS34-1489).[7]
Brachyopoidea indet. Intercentra (TF 3328, TF 3329, and TF 3144).[7] Also found in the Klong Min Formation.
Khao Wong locality, Khao Wong district, Kalasin province.[7] Intercentrum (KS37-8).[7]

Reptiles

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Mamenchisauridae indet. Kalasin province.[8] "Isolated posterior cervical vertebra"[4][5][8]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet. "a nearly complete left tibia"[9][10]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet. "Skull elements such as teeth, premaxillae, and maxillae as well as appendicular materials of more than one individual."[10]
Minimocursor M. phunoiensis Phu Noi, Kalasin province.[11] Partial articulated skeleton, isolated lower jaw & left leg.[11] A basal neornithischian.
Stegosauridae indet. "Single dorsal vertebra".[4][12][13] Informally known as "Siamodracon altispinus".

Pseudosuchians

Pseudosuchians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Chalawan C. thailandicus Mandible.[4][6] A pholidosaurid.
Chalawan skull reconstruction.png
Indosinosuchus I. kalasinensis [14] A teleosaurid.
Indosinosuchus kalasinensis.png
I. potamosiamensis Skulls and postcrania.[15] A teleosaurid.
Indosinosuchus potamosiamensis.png
Sunosuchus S. thailandicus A mandible.[6] Reassigned to Chalawan.
Cf. Theriosuchus Cf. T. sp. Chong Chat, Nong Bua Lamphu province.[16] Part of a left dentary (CCC-1) and a lanceolate tooth (PRCMR 283).[16] An atoposaurid.

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Rhamphorhynchidae indet. Humerus.[17] Originally identified as an azhdarchid. [18]

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Basilochelys B. macrobios Kham Phok, Mukdahan Province.[19] A trionychoid.
Eucryptodira indet. [4]
Kalasinemys K. prasarttongosothi Phu Noi locality, Kalasin Province.[20] Skull and shell material.[20] A xinjiangchelyid.
Phunoichelys P. thirakhupti Phu Noi locality, Kalasin Province.[21] Shell remains.[21] A xinjiangchelyid.
Yakemys Y. multiporcata Khorat Plateau.[22] Shell elements.[22] A macrobaenid.
Yakemys remains.png

Fish

Bony fish

Bony fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Ferganoceratodus F. annekempae Phu Noi.[23] A lungfish.
Isanichthys I. lertboosi Phu Noi locality, Kalasin province.[24] 4 specimens. A lepisosteiform.
I. palustris A single, nearly complete specimen.[25] A lepisosteiform.
Khoratichthys K. gibbus "Impression of a single articulated fish".[26] A ginglymodian.
Thaiichthys T. buddhabutrensis Phu Nam Jun, Kalasin Province.[27] A lepisosteiform.

Cartilaginous fish

Multiple fin spines have been found in the Phu Kradung Formation which cannot be precisely identified.[28]

Cartilaginous fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Acrodus A. kalasinensis Kalasin province.[28] Teeth.[28] A hybodontiform.
Heteroptychodus H. cf. H. kokutensis One almost complete tooth and 20 fragmentary crowns.[28]
?Hybodontidae Dermal denticles of 2 morphotypes.[28] A hybodontid.
Hybodus aff. H. sp. "One almost complete anterior crown (SM2012-1-004) and a complete posterior tooth (SM2012-1-005)".[28]
H. sp. Teeth.[28] "Similar to the teeth of H. huangnidanensis (which is probably a junior synonym of H. antingensis)".
Jiaodontus J. sp. 10 teeth.[28] A hybodontiform.
Lonchidion L. sp. A SM2012-1-015-6 and 12 crowns.[28] A hybodontiform.
L. sp. B Teeth and crowns.[28] A hybodontiform.

Plants

Plants reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Xenoxylon X. phyllocladoides Fossil wood.[29]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Suteetorn and Jarnyahran (1986). "Geological Map of Thailand 1:250,000, Sheet NE 48-14 (Roi Et).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Racey and Goodall (2009). "Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia". Geological Society. London. Special Publication 315 Pp 69-84.
  3. ↑ Tong, Haiyan; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Naksri, Wilailuck; Ditbanjong, Pitaksit; Suteethorn, Suravech; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak et al. (December 2021). "Yakemys multiporcata n. g. n. sp., a Large Macrobaenid Turtle from the Basal Cretaceous of Thailand, with a Review of the Turtle Fauna from the Phu Kradung Formation and Its Stratigraphical Implications" (in en). Diversity 13 (12): 630. doi:10.3390/d13120630. ISSN 1424-2818. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN:0-520-24209-2.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Martin, J. E.; Lauprasert, K.; Buffetaut, E.; Liard, R.; Suteethorn, V. (2013). Angielczyk, Kenneth. ed. "A large pholidosaurid in the Phu Kradung Formation of north-eastern Thailand". Palaeontology 57 (4): 757–769. doi:10.1111/pala.12086. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Nonsrirach, Thanit; Manitkoon, Sita; Lauprasert, Komsorn (2021-03-12). "First occurrence of brachyopid temnospondyls in Southeast Asia and review of the Mesozoic amphibians from Thailand" (in en). Fossil Record 24 (1): 33–47. doi:10.5194/fr-24-33-2021. ISSN 2193-0074. https://fr.copernicus.org/articles/24/33/2021/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Suteethorn, S., Le Loeuff, J., Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., and Wongko, K. 2013. First evidence of a mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (3): 459–469.
  9. ↑ Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2007-11-01). "A sinraptorid theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Phu Kradung Formation of northeastern Thailand" (in en). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 178 (6): 497–502. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.178.6.497. ISSN 0037-9409. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sgf/bsgf/article/178/6/497/123086/A-sinraptorid-theropod-Dinosauria-Saurischia-from. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Samathi, Adun; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Sander, Paul Martin (2019-07-01). "A review of theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous of Southeast Asia" (in en). Annales de Paléontologie. Palaeobiodiversity of Southeast Asia, issue 1 105 (3): 201–215. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2019.03.003. ISSN 0753-3969. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Manitkoon, Sita; Deesri, Uthumporn; Khalloufi, Bouziane; Nonsrirach, Thanit; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Boonla, Wansiri; Buffetaut, Eric (July 2023). "A New Basal Neornithischian Dinosaur from the Phu Kradung Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Northeastern Thailand" (in en). Diversity 15 (7): 851. doi:10.3390/d15070851. ISSN 1424-2818. 
  12. ↑ Ulansky, R. E., 2014. Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia). Dinologia, 35 pp. [in Russian]. PDF.
  13. ↑ Peter M. Galton; Kenneth Carpenter (2016). "The plated dinosaur Stegosaurus longispinus Gilmore, 1914 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia; Upper Jurassic, western USA), type species of Alcovasaurus n. gen.". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 279 (2): 185–208. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2016/0551. 
  14. ↑ Johnson, Michela M.; Young, Mark T.; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2020). "The phylogenetics of Teleosauroidea (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) and implications for their ecology and evolution" (in en). PeerJ 8: e9808. doi:10.7717/peerj.9808. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 33083104. 
  15. ↑ Martin, Jeremy E.; Suteethorn, S.; Lauprasert, K. (February 2019). "A new freshwater teleosaurid from the Jurassic of northeastern Thailand" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 64 (2): 239–260. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1549059. https://hal.science/hal-02302476/file/2019Martinetal-Phu%2520Noi.pdf. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lauprasert, Komsorn; Laojumpon, Chalida; Saenphala, Wanitchaphat; Cuny, Gilles; Thirakhupt, Kumthorn; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2010-06-12). "Atoposaurid crocodyliforms from the Khorat Group of Thailand: first record of Theriosuchus from Southeast Asia". Paläontologische Zeitschrift 85 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0071-z. ISSN 0031-0220. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215486888. 
  17. ↑ Buffetaut, Eric (2015). "An azhdarchoid pterosaur humerus from the latest Jurassic (Phu Kradung Formation) of Phu Noi, north-eastern Thailand". 1 1: Research & Knowledge. doi:10.14456/RANDK.2015.3. http://doi.nrct.go.th/?page=resolve_doi&resolve_doi=10.14456/randk.2015.3. 
  18. ↑ Unwin, David M.; Martill, David M. (2018). "Systematic reassessment of the first Jurassic pterosaur from Thailand" (in en). Geological Society, London, Special Publications 455 (1): 181–186. doi:10.1144/SP455.13. ISSN 0305-8719. Bibcode: 2018GSLSP.455..181U. 
  19. ↑ Tong, H.; Claude, J.; Naksri, W.; Suteethorn, V.; Buffetaut, E.; Khansubha, S.; Wongko, K. & Yuangdetkla, P. 2009. Basilochelys macrobios n. gen. and n. sp., a large cryptodiran turtle from the Phu Kradung Formation (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand . In: Buffetaut, E.; Cuny, G.; Le Loeuff, J. & Suteethorn, V. (eds.). Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 315: 229-243.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Tong, Haiyan; Naksri, Wilailuck; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Suravech; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Chantasit, Phornphen; Claude, Julien (October 2019). "Kalasinemys, a new xinjiangchelyid turtle from the Late Jurassic of NE Thailand" (in en). Geological Magazine 156 (10): 1645–1656. doi:10.1017/S0016756818000791. ISSN 0016-7568. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/kalasinemys-a-new-xinjiangchelyid-turtle-from-the-late-jurassic-of-ne-thailand/FB773A4058673240B0D8D1B69C10BF36. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 TONG, HAIYAN; NAKSRI, WILAILUCK; BUFFETAUT, ERIC; SUTEETHORN, VARAVUDH; SUTEETHORN, SURAVECH; DEESRI, UTHUMPORN; SILA, SAITONG; CHANTHASIT, PHORNPHEN et al. (2014-06-19). "A new primitive eucryptodiran turtle from the Upper Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand". Geological Magazine 152 (1): 166–175. doi:10.1017/s0016756814000223. ISSN 0016-7568. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271745797. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Tong, Haiyan; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Naksri, Wilailuck; Ditbanjong, Pitaksit; Suteethorn, Suravech; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak et al. (November 2021). "Yakemys multiporcata n. g. n. sp., a Large Macrobaenid Turtle from the Basal Cretaceous of Thailand, with a Review of the Turtle Fauna from the Phu Kradung Formation and Its Stratigraphical Implications" (in en). Diversity 13 (12): 630. doi:10.3390/d13120630. ISSN 1424-2818. 
  23. ↑ Cavin, Lionel; Deesri, Uthumporn; Chanthasit, Phornphen (2020-07-03). "A New Lungfish from the Jurassic of Thailand". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40 (4): e1791895. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1791895. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1791895. 
  24. ↑ Deesri, Uthumporn; Lauprasert, Komsorn; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak; Cavin, Lionel (June 2014). "A New Species of the Ginglymodian Fish Isanichthys from the Late Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation, Northeastern Thailand". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59 (2): 313–331. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0013. ISSN 0567-7920. https://bioone.org/journals/acta-palaeontologica-polonica/volume-59/issue-2/app.2012.0013/A-New-Species-of-the-Ginglymodian-Fish-Isanichthys-from-the/10.4202/app.2012.0013.full. 
  25. ↑ CAVIN, LIONEL; SUTEETHORN, VARAVUDH (March 2006). "A New Semionotiform (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Deposits of North-East Thailand, with Comments on the Relationships of Semionotiforms" (in en). Palaeontology 49 (2): 339–353. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00539.x. ISSN 0031-0239. https://www.palass.org/publications/palaeontology-journal/archive/49/2/article_pp339-353. 
  26. ↑ Deesri, Uthumporn; Jintasakul, Pratueng; Cavin, Lionel (2016-11-01). "A new Ginglymodi (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand, with comments on the early diversification of Lepisosteiformes in Southeast Asia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (6): e1225747. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1225747. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2016.1225747. 
  27. ↑ Cavin, Lionel; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Khansubha, Sasidhorn; Buffetaut, Eric; Tong, Haiyan (2003-07-01). "A new Semionotid (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand" (in en). Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (5): 291–297. doi:10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00062-9. ISSN 1631-0683. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631068303000629. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 Cuny, Gilles; Liard, Romain; Deesri, Uthumporn; Liard, Tida; Khamha, Suchada; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2013-12-03). "Shark faunas from the Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous of northeastern Thailand". Paläontologische Zeitschrift 88 (3): 309–328. doi:10.1007/s12542-013-0206-0. ISSN 0031-0220. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12542-013-0206-0. 
  29. ↑ Boonchai, Nareerat; Suteethorn, Suravech; Sereeprasirt, Weerawat; Suriyonghanphong, Chanon; Amiot, Romain; Cuny, Gilles; Legrand, Julien; Thévenard, Frédéric et al. (2020-03-01). "Xenoxylon, a boreal fossil wood in the Mesozoic redbeds of Southeast Asia: Potential for the stratigraphy of the Khorat group and the palinspatic reconstruction of Southeast Asia" (in en). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 189: 104153. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104153. ISSN 1367-9120. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136791201930505X. 



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