Demihypercube

From HandWiki
Short description: Polytope constructed from alternation of an hypercube
Alternation of the n-cube yields one of two n-demicubes, as in this 3-dimensional illustration of the two tetrahedra that arise as the 3-demicubes of the 3-cube.

In geometry, demihypercubes (also called n-demicubes, n-hemicubes, and half measure polytopes) are a class of n-polytopes constructed from alternation of an n-hypercube, labeled as n for being half of the hypercube family, γn. Half of the vertices are deleted and new facets are formed. The 2n facets become 2n (n−1)-demicubes, and 2n (n−1)-simplex facets are formed in place of the deleted vertices.[1]

They have been named with a demi- prefix to each hypercube name: demicube, demitesseract, etc. The demicube is identical to the regular tetrahedron, and the demitesseract is identical to the regular 16-cell. The demipenteract is considered semiregular for having only regular facets. Higher forms do not have all regular facets but are all uniform polytopes.

The vertices and edges of a demihypercube form two copies of the halved cube graph.

An n-demicube has inversion symmetry if n is even.

Discovery

Thorold Gosset described the demipenteract in his 1900 publication listing all of the regular and semiregular figures in n-dimensions above three. He called it a 5-ic semi-regular. It also exists within the semiregular k21 polytope family.

The demihypercubes can be represented by extended Schläfli symbols of the form h{4,3,...,3} as half the vertices of {4,3,...,3}. The vertex figures of demihypercubes are rectified n-simplexes.

Constructions

They are represented by Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams of three constructive forms:

  1. CDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.png...CDel node h.png (As an alternated orthotope) s{21,1,...,1}
  2. CDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.png...CDel 3.pngCDel node.png (As an alternated hypercube) h{4,3n−1}
  3. CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.png...CDel 3.pngCDel node.png. (As a demihypercube) {31,n−3,1}

H.S.M. Coxeter also labeled the third bifurcating diagrams as 1k1 representing the lengths of the three branches and led by the ringed branch.

An n-demicube, n greater than 2, has n(n−1)/2 edges meeting at each vertex. The graphs below show less edges at each vertex due to overlapping edges in the symmetry projection.

n  1k1  Petrie
polygon
Schläfli symbol Coxeter diagrams
A1n
Bn
Dn
Elements Facets:
Demihypercubes &
Simplexes
Vertex figure
Vertices Edges      Faces Cells 4-faces 5-faces 6-faces 7-faces 8-faces 9-faces
2 1−1,1 demisquare
(digon)
Complete graph K2.svg
s{2}
h{4}
{31,−1,1}
CDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.png
CDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png
CDel node 1.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node.png
2 2                  
2 edges
--
3 101 demicube
(tetrahedron)
3-demicube.svg3-demicube t0 B3.svg
s{21,1}
h{4,3}
{31,0,1}
CDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.png
CDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.png
4 6 4               (6 digons)
4 triangles
Triangle
(Rectified triangle)
4 111 demitesseract
(16-cell)
4-demicube t0 D4.svg4-demicube t0 B4.svg
s{21,1,1}
h{4,3,3}
{31,1,1}
CDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.png
CDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
8 24 32 16             8 demicubes
(tetrahedra)
8 tetrahedra
Octahedron
(Rectified tetrahedron)
5 121 demipenteract
5-demicube t0 D5.svg5-demicube t0 B5.svg
s{21,1,1,1}
h{4,33}{31,2,1}
CDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.png
CDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
16 80 160 120 26           10 16-cells
16 5-cells
Rectified 5-cell
6 131 demihexeract
6-demicube t0 D6.svg6-demicube t0 B6.svg
s{21,1,1,1,1}
h{4,34}{31,3,1}
CDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.png
CDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
32 240 640 640 252 44         12 demipenteracts
32 5-simplices
Rectified hexateron
7 141 demihepteract
7-demicube t0 D7.svg7-demicube t0 B7.svg
s{21,1,1,1,1,1}
h{4,35}{31,4,1}
CDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.png
CDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
64 672 2240 2800 1624 532 78       14 demihexeracts
64 6-simplices
Rectified 6-simplex
8 151 demiocteract
8-demicube t0 D8.svg8-demicube t0 B8.svg
s{21,1,1,1,1,1,1}
h{4,36}{31,5,1}
CDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.png
CDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
128 1792 7168 10752 8288 4032 1136 144     16 demihepteracts
128 7-simplices
Rectified 7-simplex
9 161 demienneract
9-demicube t0 D9.svg9-demicube t0 B9.svg
s{21,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
h{4,37}{31,6,1}
CDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.png
CDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
256 4608 21504 37632 36288 23520 9888 2448 274   18 demiocteracts
256 8-simplices
Rectified 8-simplex
10 171 demidekeract
10-demicube.svg10-demicube graph.png
s{21,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
h{4,38}{31,7,1}
CDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.png
CDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
512 11520 61440 122880 142464 115584 64800 24000 5300 532 20 demienneracts
512 9-simplices
Rectified 9-simplex
...
n 1n−3,1 n-demicube s{21,1,...,1}
h{4,3n−2}{31,n−3,1}
CDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2c.pngCDel node h.png...CDel node h.png
CDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png...CDel 3.pngCDel node.png
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png...CDel 3.pngCDel node.png
2n−1   2n (n−1)-demicubes
2n−1 (n−1)-simplices
Rectified (n−1)-simplex

In general, a demicube's elements can be determined from the original n-cube: (with Cn,m = mth-face count in n-cube = 2nm n!/(m!(nm)!))

  • Vertices: Dn,0 = 1/2 Cn,0 = 2n−1 (Half the n-cube vertices remain)
  • Edges: Dn,1 = Cn,2 = 1/2 n(n−1) 2n−2 (All original edges lost, each square faces create a new edge)
  • Faces: Dn,2 = 4 * Cn,3 = 2/3 n(n−1)(n−2) 2n−3 (All original faces lost, each cube creates 4 new triangular faces)
  • Cells: Dn,3 = Cn,3 + 23 Cn,4 (tetrahedra from original cells plus new ones)
  • Hypercells: Dn,4 = Cn,4 + 24 Cn,5 (16-cells and 5-cells respectively)
  • ...
  • [For m = 3,...,n−1]: Dn,m = Cn,m + 2m Cn,m+1 (m-demicubes and m-simplexes respectively)
  • ...
  • Facets: Dn,n−1 = 2n + 2n−1 ((n−1)-demicubes and (n−1)-simplices respectively)

Symmetry group

The stabilizer of the demihypercube in the hyperoctahedral group (the Coxeter group [math]\displaystyle{ BC_n }[/math] [4,3n−1]) has index 2. It is the Coxeter group [math]\displaystyle{ D_n, }[/math] [3n−3,1,1] of order [math]\displaystyle{ 2^{n-1}n! }[/math], and is generated by permutations of the coordinate axes and reflections along pairs of coordinate axes.[2]

Orthotopic constructions

The rhombic disphenoid inside of a cuboid

Constructions as alternated orthotopes have the same topology, but can be stretched with different lengths in n-axes of symmetry.

The rhombic disphenoid is the three-dimensional example as alternated cuboid. It has three sets of edge lengths, and scalene triangle faces.

See also

  • Hypercube honeycomb
  • Semiregular E-polytope

References

  1. Regular and semi-regular polytopes III, p. 315-316
  2. "week187". http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week187.html. 
  • T. Gosset: On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions, Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900
  • John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, ISBN:978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 26. pp. 409: Hemicubes: 1n1)
  • Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, editied by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN:978-0-471-01003-6 [1]
    • (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45]

External links

Fundamental convex regular and uniform polytopes in dimensions 2–10
Family An Bn I2(p) / Dn E6 / E7 / E8 / F4 / G2 Hn
Regular polygon Triangle Square p-gon Hexagon Pentagon
Uniform polyhedron Tetrahedron OctahedronCube Demicube DodecahedronIcosahedron
Uniform 4-polytope 5-cell 16-cellTesseract Demitesseract 24-cell 120-cell600-cell
Uniform 5-polytope 5-simplex 5-orthoplex5-cube 5-demicube
Uniform 6-polytope 6-simplex 6-orthoplex6-cube 6-demicube 122221
Uniform 7-polytope 7-simplex 7-orthoplex7-cube 7-demicube 132231321
Uniform 8-polytope 8-simplex 8-orthoplex8-cube 8-demicube 142241421
Uniform 9-polytope 9-simplex 9-orthoplex9-cube 9-demicube
Uniform 10-polytope 10-simplex 10-orthoplex10-cube 10-demicube
Uniform n-polytope n-simplex n-orthoplexn-cube n-demicube 1k22k1k21 n-pentagonal polytope
Topics: Polytope familiesRegular polytopeList of regular polytopes and compounds