Chemistry:Orders of magnitude (molar concentration)

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This page lists examples of the orders of magnitude of molar concentration. Source values are parenthesized where unit conversions were performed. M denotes the non-SI unit molar:

1 M = 1 mol/L = 10−3 mol/m3.

All orders

List of orders of magnitude for molar concentration
Factor (Molarity) SI prefix Value Item
10−24 yM 1.66 yM 1 elementary entity per litre[1]
8.5 yM airborne bacteria in the upper troposphere (5100/m3)[2]
10−23
10−22
10−21 zM 3.6 zM solar neutrinos on Earth (6.5×1010 /cm2⋅s)[3]
10−20 12 zM radon in ambient, outdoor air in the United States (0.4 pCi/L ≈ 7000/L)[4]
10−19 120 zM indoor radon at the EPA's "action level" (4 pCi/L ≈ 70000/L)[5]
686 zM cosmic microwave background photons in outer space (413/cm3)[6]
10−18 aM
10−17
10−16
10−15 fM 2 fM bacteria in surface seawater (1×109/L)[7]
10−14 20 fM virions in surface layer North Atlantic seawater (10×109/L)[8]
50–100 fM gold in seawater[9]
10−13
10−12 pM 7.51–9.80 pM normal range for erythrocytes in blood in an adult male ((4.52–5.90)×1012/L)[10][11]
10−11 10–100 pM gold in undersea hydrothermal fluids[9]
10−10 170 pM upper bound for healthy insulin when fasting[12]
10−9 nM 5 nM inhaled osmium tetroxide is immediately dangerous to life or health (1 mg Os/m3)[13]
10−8
10−7 101 nM hydronium and hydroxide ions in pure water at 25 °C (pKW = 13.99)[14]
10−6 μM
10−5
10−4 180–480 μM normal range for uric acid in blood[10]
570 μM inhaled carbon monoxide induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < 3 min (12800 ppm)[15]
10−3 mM 0.32–32 mM normal range of hydronium ions in stomach acid (pH 1.5–3.5)[16]
5.5 mM upper bound for healthy blood glucose when fasting[17]
7.8 mM upper bound for healthy blood glucose 2 hours after eating[17]
10−2 cM 20 mM neutrinos during a supernova, 1 astronomical unit|AU from the core (1058 over 10 s)[18]
44.6 mM pure ideal gas at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa[19]
10−1 dM 140 mM sodium ions in blood plasma[10]
480 mM sodium ions in seawater[20]
100 M 1 M standard state concentration for defining thermodynamic activity[21]
101 daM 17.5 M pure (glacial) acetic acid (1.05 g/cm3)[22]
40 M pure solid hydrogen (86 g/L)[23]
55.5 M pure water at 3.984 °C, temperature of its maximum density (1.0000 g/cm3)[24]
102 hM 118.8 M pure osmium at 20 °C (22.587 g/cm3)[25]
140.5 M pure copper at 25 °C (8.93 g/cm3)
103 kM
104 24 kM helium in the solar core (150 g/cm3 ⋅ 65%)[26]
105
106 MM
107
108 122.2 MM nuclei in a white dwarf from a 3 M☉ progenitor star (106.349 g/cm3)[27]
109 GM
1010
1011
1012 TM
1013
1014
1015 PM
1016
1017 228 PM nucleons in atomic nuclei (2.3×1017 kg/m3 = 1.37×1044/m3)[28]
1018 EM
...
1077 3.9×1077 M the Planck concentration (2.4×10104/m3), inverse of the Planck volume


SI multiples

SI multiples of molar (M)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 M dM decimolar 101 M daM decamolar
10−2 M cM centimolar 102 M hM hectomolar
10−3 M mM millimolar 103 M kM kilomolar
10−6 M µM micromolar 106 M MM megamolar
10−9 M nM nanomolar 109 M GM gigamolar
10−12 M pM picomolar 1012 M TM teramolar
10−15 M fM femtomolar 1015 M PM petamolar
10−18 M aM attomolar 1018 M EM examolar
10−21 M zM zeptomolar 1021 M ZM zettamolar
10−24 M yM yoctomolar 1024 M YM yottamolar

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1/L ÷ NA ≈ 1.66 yM
  2. ↑ DeLeon-Rodriguez, Natasha; Lathem, Terry L.; Rodriguez-R, Luis M.; Barazesh, James M.; Anderson, Bruce E.; Beyersdorf, Andreas J.; Ziemba, Luke D.; Bergin, Michael et al. (12 February 2013). "Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (7): 2575–2580. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212089110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 23359712. Bibcode: 2013PNAS..110.2575D. 
  3. ↑ Bahcall, John N.; Serenelli, Aldo M.; Basu, Sarbani (1 March 2005). "New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes". The Astrophysical Journal 621 (1): L85–L88. doi:10.1086/428929. Bibcode: 2005ApJ...621L..85B. 
  4. ↑ "Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? | ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM". CDC. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=8&po=8. 
  5. ↑ Basic Radon Facts (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. July 2016. https://www.epa.gov/radon/basic-radon-facts. Retrieved 14 December 2018. 
  6. ↑ Smoot, George F. (13 May 1997). The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum. Bibcode: 1997astro.ph..5101S. 
  7. ↑ Gamfeldt, Lars; Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Byrnes, Jarrett E. K.; Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Griffin, John N. (March 2015). "Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?". Oikos 124 (3): 252–265. doi:10.1111/oik.01549. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/849. 
  8. ↑ Bergh, Øivind; Børsheim, Knut Yngve; Bratbak, Gunnar; Heldal, Mikal (August 1989). "High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments" (in En). Nature 340 (6233): 467–468. doi:10.1038/340467a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 2755508. Bibcode: 1989Natur.340..467B. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kenison Falkner, K.; Edmond, J. M. (1 May 1990). "Gold in seawater" (in en). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 98 (2): 208–221. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B. ISSN 0012-821X. Bibcode: 1990E&PSL..98..208K. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Reference ranges for blood tests
  11. ↑ "Erythrocyte Count (RBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". 7 January 2017. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2054474-overview. 
  12. ↑ Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels. WebMD. 22 April 2018. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089224-overview. Retrieved 30 November 2018. 
  13. ↑ "CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Osmium tetroxide (as Os) - NIOSH Publications and Products" (in en-us). CDC. 2 November 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/20816120.html. 
  14. ↑ Bandura, Andrei V.; Lvov, Serguei N. (2006). "The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 35 (1): 15–30. doi:10.1063/1.1928231. Bibcode: 2006JPCRD..35...15B. https://www.nist.gov/data/PDFfiles/jpcrd696.pdf. 
  15. ↑ Goldstein, Mark (December 2008). "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning". Journal of Emergency Nursing 34 (6): 538–542. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014. PMID 19022078. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/3/5716/180. 
  16. ↑ Human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. 2010. ISBN 978-0-8053-9591-4. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic" (in en). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351199. 
  18. ↑ "nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova". Nature Publishing Group 2006. https://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/bahcall/index.html. 
  19. ↑ Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm3/mol
  20. ↑ 0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L
  21. ↑ The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). "IUPAC - standard concentration (S05909)". https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05909. 
  22. ↑ PubChem. "Acetic Acid" (in en). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/176. 
  23. ↑ Dewar, James (1899). "Sur la solidification de l'hydrogène". Annales de Chimie et de Physique 18: 145–150. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349183/f143.table. 
  24. ↑ Franks, Felix, ed (1974). The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water (2 ed.). New York: Plenum Press. p. 376. ISBN 9781468483345. 
  25. ↑ Arblaster, J. W. (1995). "Osmium, the Densest Metal Known". Platinum Metals Review 39 (4): 164. http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v39-i4-164-164. Retrieved 2018-11-30. 
  26. ↑ "Helio- and Asteroseismology". Stanford SOLAR Center. http://solar-center.stanford.edu/helio-ed-mirror/english/engmod-res.html. 
  27. ↑ Fields, C. E.; Farmer, R.; Petermann, I.; Iliadis, C.; Timmes, F. X. (20 May 2016). "Properties of Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs From Monte Carlo Stellar Models". The Astrophysical Journal 823 (1): 46. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/46. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...823...46F. 
  28. ↑ "The Atomic Nucleus". https://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/atomic/nucleus.htm. 



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