Biology:Porphyromonas

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Short description: Genus of bacteria


Porphyromonas
Porphyromonas gulae on TSA plate 02.jpg
Colonies of Porphyromonas gulae growing on a TSA plate
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacteroidota
Class:
Bacteroidia
Order:
Bacteroidales
Family:
Porphyromonadaceae
Genus:
Porphyromonas

Shah and Collins 1988[1]
Type species
Porphyromonas asaccharolytica[1]
Species

P. asaccharolytica[1]
P. bennonis[1]
P. cangingivalis[1]
P. canoris[1]
P. catoniae[1]
P. circumdentaria[1]
P. crevioricanis[1]
P. endodontalis[1]
P. gingivalis[1]
P. gingivicanis[1]
P. gulae[1]
P. levii[1]
P. macacae[1]
P. pasteri[1]
P. pogonae[1]
P. somerae[1]
P. uenonis[1]

Synonyms[2]
  • Oribaculum Moore and Moore 1994

Porphyromonas is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, obligately anaerobic and non-motile genus from the family Porphyromonadaceae.[3][1][2][4] There were 16 different Porphyromonas species documented as of 2015, which reside in both animal and human reservoirs.[5] It was discovered more recently that Porphyromonas also exist in the environment, albeit to a lesser extent.[6] This genus is notably implicated in the modulation of oral cavity, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract disease states.[5] It is suggested that Porphyromonas either operate as benign bacteria pertinent to host immunity or are potential pathobionts that opportunistically provoke diseased states when homeostasis is disrupted.[6] Despite its characterization not being fully elucidated due to sparse research, various studies report the prevalence of this genus at 58.7% in healthy states compared with 41.3% in diseased states.[6]

This genus was first reported in the oral cavity[5] and is found specifically in the salivary microbiome.[7] Porphyromonas are also commonly found in the microbiome of the human digestive tract, as shown by the Human Microbiome Project in general.[8][9][10]

Distribution of Species

While overlap exists between humans and animals in the distribution of Porphyromonas species, some species are more prevalent in each.[5]

Humans

P. asaccharolytica, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, P. catoniae, P. pasteri, P. somerae, and P. uenonis[5]

P. edodontalis in Humans

  • The gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas endodontalis is frequently linked to endodontic infections. The diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of conditions that affect the dental pulp—the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels—are the focus of the dental specialty known as endodontics.[11]
  • Since its initial discovery in the 1990s in the infected root canals of human teeth, P. endodontalis has come to be known as a significant pathogen in endodontic infections. This bacterium belongs to the Porphyromonas genus, which also contains a number of other species linked to oral infections and periodontal disease.[11]
  • Because P. endodontalis is a facultative anaerobe, it can live in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor conditions. It is a rod-shaped bacteria that is not mobile and does not produce spores. P. endodontalis, like other gram-negative bacteria, has a lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane, which contains chemicals that might cause an inflammatory reaction in the host.[11]
  • The ability of P. endodontalis to create enzymes that break down the extracellular matrix of host tissues, including collagen and elastin, is one of the organism's primary virulence factors. By doing so, the bacterium can elude the host's immune system and infect the dental pulp more deeply. Additionally, P. endodontalis makes toxins that can harm host cells and cause inflammation.[11]
  • P. endodontalis has been linked to endodontic infections as well as other systemic illnesses such rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. In the body, this bacterium can colonize other tissues after entering the bloodstream, where it may cause tissue damage and persistent inflammation.[11]
  • Microbial culture of infected dental tissue or root canal samples is frequently used in the diagnosis of P. endodontalis infection. The bacteria can be recognized by its distinctive biochemical characteristics, growth requirements, and appearance. The existence of P. endodontalis can also be verified and separated from related species using molecular methods like PCR and DNA sequencing.[11]
  • Root canal therapy, which entails removing the infected tooth pulp and filling the root canal with a biocompatible substance, is frequently used to treat P. endodontalis infections. Although there is some controversy regarding the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for endodontic infections, antibiotics may also be used to manage the infection.[12]
  • The gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas endodontalis is linked to endodontic infections. This bacterium makes enzymes and poisons that enable it to avoid the immune system and ingest larger amounts of host tissue. Microbial culture and molecular methods are used to diagnose P. endodontalis infections, and antibiotics and root canal treatments are frequently used in treatment.[11]

Animals

P. cangingivalis, P. canoris, P. cansulsi, P. circumdentaria, P. crevioricanis, P. gingivicanis, P. salivosa, P. macacae, P. gulae, and P. levii[5] Porphyromonas genus is commonly found in healthy stallion semen <(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106568)>

Environment

Porphyromonas have been isolated from manmade and naturally occurring environments. Most of these species have been detected in manmade environments, including transportation systems, healthcare settings, and indoor facilities; Porphyromonas persist in naturally occurring environments such as air, soil, seawater, freshwater, agricultural sites, and alpine meadows to a lesser extent. Furthermore, waste-management sites are a pertinent source of environment-dwelling species.[6] Specific environmentally hosted strains have not been widely studied or identified.

Health Impacts

Oral Cavity

  • P. ginvigalis: a gram-negative anaerobe and pathological agent of periodontitis.[13]
  • P. endodontalis: Porphyromonas endodontalis is associated with endodontal infections. It has been isolated from infected dental root canals and submucous abscesses of endodontal origin.[14] Dental root canal infections that had P. endodontalis present have been linked to acute infection symptoms. Periodontal pockets and oral mucosa may occasionally contain it.[14]

Gastrointestinal Tract

  • Overabundance of this genus has been reported from the feces of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer.[15]

Respiratory Tract

Uterine Tract

  • P. levii: bacteria of high abundance in cows with uterine disease.[17]

Other

Alterations in Porphyromonas abundance have also been associated with various cancers, autoimmune and neurodegenerative conditions,[6] vaginal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome.[5]

Detection Methods

Porphyromonas is most commonly detected via utilization of 16s rRNA sequencing techniques.[18][19]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 Parte, A.C.. Porphyromonas. https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/porphyromonas. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Porphyromonas. https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/836. 
  3. ↑ Summanen, Paula; Finegold, Sydney M. (1 January 2015). "Porphyromonas". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd): 1–14. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00246. ISBN 9781118960608. 
  4. ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (2009). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M. eds. "Nomenclature Abstract for Porphyromonas.". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.8020. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Guilloux, Charles-Antoine; Lamoureux, Claudie; Beauruelle, Clémence; Héry-Arnaud, Geneviève (April 2021). "Porphyromonas: A neglected potential key genus in human microbiomes". Anaerobe 68: 102230. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102230. ISSN 1075-9964. PMID 32615270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102230. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Acuña-Amador, Luis; Barloy-Hubler, Frédérique (December 2020). "Porphyromonas spp. have an extensive host range in ill and healthy individuals and an unexpected environmental distribution: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Anaerobe 66: 102280. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102280. ISSN 1075-9964. PMID 33011277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102280. 
  7. ↑ Wang, Kun; Lu, Wenxin; Tu, Qichao; Ge, Yichen; He, Jinzhi; Zhou, Yu; Gou, Yaping; Nostrand, Joy D Van et al. (10 March 2016). "Preliminary analysis of salivary microbiome and their potential roles in oral lichen planus". Scientific Reports 6 (1): 22943. doi:10.1038/srep22943. PMID 26961389. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...622943W. 
  8. ↑ The Human Microbiome Project Consortium (June 2012). "Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome". Nature 486 (7402): 207–214. doi:10.1038/nature11234. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 22699609. Bibcode: 2012Natur.486..207T. 
  9. ↑ Segata, Nicola; Haake, Susan; Mannon, Peter; Lemon, Katherine P; Waldron, Levi; Gevers, Dirk; Huttenhower, Curtis; Izard, Jacques (2012). "Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples". Genome Biology 13 (6): R42. doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-6-r42. ISSN 1465-6906. PMID 22698087. PMC 3446314. https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7bn613d6/qt7bn613d6.pdf. 
  10. ↑ Faust, Karoline; Sathirapongsasuti, J. Fah; Izard, Jacques; Segata, Nicola; Gevers, Dirk; Raes, Jeroen; Huttenhower, Curtis (2012-07-12). Ouzounis, Christos A.. ed. "Microbial Co-occurrence Relationships in the Human Microbiome". PLOS Computational Biology 8 (7): e1002606. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002606. ISSN 1553-7358. PMID 22807668. Bibcode: 2012PLSCB...8E2606F. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 van Winkelhoff, A. J.; van Steenbergen, T. J.; de Graaff, J. (September 1992). "Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) endodontalis: its role in endodontal infections". Journal of Endodontics 18 (9): 431–434. doi:10.1016/s0099-2399(06)80843-5. ISSN 0099-2399. PMID 9796510. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9796510/. 
  12. ↑ Cao, H.; Qi, Z.; Jiang, H.; Zhao, J.; Liu, Z.; Tang, Z. (August 2012). "Detection of Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in primary endodontic infections in a Chinese population". International Endodontic Journal 45 (8): 773–781. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02035.x. ISSN 1365-2591. PMID 22429191. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22429191/. 
  13. ↑ Mysak, Jaroslav; Podzimek, Stepan; Sommerova, Pavla; Lyuya-Mi, Yelena; Bartova, Jirina; Janatova, Tatjana; Prochazkova, Jarmila; Duskova, Jana (2014). "Porphyromonas gingivalis: Major Periodontopathic Pathogen Overview". Journal of Immunology Research 2014: 476068. doi:10.1155/2014/476068. ISSN 2314-8861. PMID 24741603. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 van Winkelhoff, A. J.; van Steenbergen, T. J.; de Graaff, J. (September 1992). "Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) endodontalis: its role in endodontal infections". Journal of Endodontics 18 (9): 431–434. doi:10.1016/s0099-2399(06)80843-5. ISSN 0099-2399. PMID 9796510. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9796510/#:~:text=Porphyromonas%20endodontalis%20(formerly%20Bacteroides%20endodontalis,submucous%20abscesses%20of%20endodontal%20origin.. 
  15. ↑ Ahn, J.; Sinha, R.; Pei, Z.; Dominianni, C.; Wu, J.; Shi, J.; Goedert, J. J.; Hayes, R. B. et al. (18 December 2013). "Human Gut Microbiome and Risk for Colorectal Cancer". J Natl Cancer Inst 105 (24): 1907–1911. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt300. PMID 24316595. 
  16. ↑ Zhou, Yuhua; Lin, Feishen; Cui, Zelin; Zhang, Xiangrong; Hu, Chunmei; Shen, Tian; Chen, Chunyan; Zhang, Xia et al. (2015-05-22). "Correlation between Either Cupriavidus or Porphyromonas and Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis Found by Analysing the Microbiota in Patients' Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid". PLOS ONE 10 (5): e0124194. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124194. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 26000957. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1024194Z. 
  17. ↑ Galvão, Klibs N.; Bicalho, Rodrigo C.; Jeon, Soo Jin (December 2019). "Symposium review: The uterine microbiome associated with the development of uterine disease in dairy cows". Journal of Dairy Science 102 (12): 11786–11797. doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17106. ISSN 0022-0302. PMID 31587913. 
  18. ↑ Gabarrini, G.; Chlebowicz, M.A.; Vega Quiroz, M.E.; Veloo, A.C.M.; Rossen, J.W.A.; Harmsen, H.J.M.; Laine, M.L.; van Dijl, J.M. et al. (2018-01-03). "Conserved Citrullinating Exoenzymes inPorphyromonasSpecies". Journal of Dental Research 97 (5): 556–562. doi:10.1177/0022034517747575. ISSN 0022-0345. PMID 29298553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034517747575. 
  19. ↑ Paster, B J; Dewhirst, F E; Olsen, I; Fraser, G J (February 1994). "Phylogeny of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas spp. and related bacteria". Journal of Bacteriology 176 (3): 725–732. doi:10.1128/jb.176.3.725-732.1994. ISSN 0021-9193. PMID 8300528. PMC 205110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.176.3.725-732.1994. 

Further reading

  • Summanen, P. H.; Lawson, P. A.; Finegold, S. M. (19 June 2009). "Porphyromonas bennonis sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 59 (7): 1727–1732. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.001909-0. PMID 19542133. 
  • LOVE, D. N.; KARJALAINEN, J.; KANERVO, A.; FORSBLOM, B.; SARKIALA, E.; BAILEY, G. D.; WIGNEY, D. I.; JOUSIMIES-SOMER, H. (1 April 1994). "Porphyromonas canoris sp. nov., an Asaccharolytic, Black-Pigmented Species from the Gingival Sulcus of Dogs". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 44 (2): 204–208. doi:10.1099/00207713-44-2-204. PMID 8186085. 
  • Love, D. N.; Bailey, G. D.; Collings, S.; Briscoe, D. A. (1 July 1992). "Description of Porphyromonas circumdentaria sp. nov. and Reassignment of Bacteroides salivosus (Love, Johnson, Jones, and Calverley 1987) as Porphyromonas (Shah and Collins 1988) salivosa comb. nov.". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 42 (3): 434–438. doi:10.1099/00207713-42-3-434. PMID 1503973. 
  • Lombardo Bedran, Telma Blanca; Marcantonio, Rosemary Adriana C.; Spin Neto, Rubens; Alves Mayer, Marcia Pinto; Grenier, Daniel; Spolidorio, Luis Carlos; Spolidorio, Denise Palomari (5 January 2012). "Porphyromonas endodontalis in chronic periodontitis: a clinical and microbiological cross-sectional study". Journal of Oral Microbiology 4 (1): 10123. doi:10.3402/jom.v4i0.10123. PMID 26051327. 
  • HIRASAWA, M.; TAKADA, K. (1 October 1994). "Porphyromonas gingivicanis sp. nov. and Porphyromonas crevioricanis sp. nov., Isolated from Beagles". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 44 (4): 637–640. doi:10.1099/00207713-44-4-637. PMID 7981094. 
  • Fournier, D.; Mouton, C.; Lapierre, P.; Kato, T.; Okuda, K.; Menard, C. (1 May 2001). "Porphyromonas gulae sp. nov., an anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus from the gingival sulcus of various animal hosts". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 51 (3): 1179–1189. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-3-1179. PMID 11411686. 

Wikidata ☰ Q21226978 entry



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