Biology:Poecilia

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Short description: Genus of fishes

Poecilia
Poecilia latipinna.jpg
Male sailfin molly (P. latipinna)
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cyprinodontiformes
Family: Poeciliidae
Subfamily: Poeciliinae
Tribe: Poeciliini
Genus: Poecilia
Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801
Type species
Poecilia vivipara
Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801
Species

See text.

Synonyms[1]
  • Parapoecilia Pamphoria
  • Lembesseia Acanthophacelus
  • Eigenmann, 1907 Hubbs, 1924
  • Fowler, 1949 Hubbs, 1924
  • Mollienesia Lebistes
  • Lesueur, 1821 Regan, 1913
  • Allopoecilia De Filippi, 1861
  • Hubbs, 1924 Neopoecilia

Poecilia is a genus of fishes in the family Poeciliidae of the order Cyprinodontiformes.[2] These livebearers are native to fresh, brackish and salt water in the Americas, and some species in the genus are euryhaline. A few have adapted to living in waters that contain high levels of toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S)[3] and a population of P. mexicana lives in caves (other populations of this species are surface-living).[4]

Some common and widespread species are often kept as aquarium fish, while other have very small ranges and are seriously threatened.[3] Species in Poecilia are called mollies (e. g. P. sphenops) or guppies (e. g. P. reticulata) depending on body shape.

Micropoecilia has been proposed to be included as a subgenus of Poecilia.[5]

Taxonomy and etymology

Poecilia was first proposed as a genus in 1801 by the German naturalists Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider when the described Poecilia vivipara as a new species. P. vivipara was subsequently designated as the type species of the genus by Pieter Bleeker in 1864.[6] It is the type genus of the subfamily Poeciliinae and of the family Poeciliidae.[7] Poecilia refers to the Greek word poikilos, which means "variegated" or "speckled", an allusion to the coloration and pattern of the type species, as well as that of and other related fishes, such as Fundulus heteroclitus which Bloch & Schneider classified in this genus.[8]

Aquaria

Fish of this genus have extremely variable coloration and have been selectively bred to create many different varieties. The most commonly kept species are guppies (P. reticulata), mollies (P. sphenops or P. latipinna), and Endler's livebearers (P. wingei). Members of the genus readily hybridize with each other and so most commercially offered fish are hybrids (with guppies having some Endler, and mollies being a mix of common and sailfin mollies).[9]

They are easy to sex as males have a prominent gonopodium, a modified anal fin used to inseminate females. They mature quickly and breed readily, with females giving birth to a dozen or more fry every month.[10] Some poecilids are cannibalistic and will eat any of their fry that are unable to flee in time (with females often eating the fry they just gave birth to, especially in a cramped aquarium setting).

Species

The 40 currently recognized species in this genus are:[11][12]

  • Poecilia boesemani Poeser, 2003
  • Poecilia butleri D. S. Jordan, 1889 (Pacific molly)
  • Poecilia catemaconis R. R. Miller, 1975 (Catemaco molly)
  • Poecilia caucana (Steindachner, 1880) (Cauca molly)
  • Poecilia caudofasciata (Regan, 1913)
  • Poecilia chica R. R. Miller, 1975 (dwarf molly)
  • Poecilia dauli M. K. Meyer & Radda, 2000
  • Poecilia dominicensis (Evermann & H. W. Clark, 1906)
  • Poecilia elegans (Trewavas, 1948) (elegant molly)
  • Poecilia formosa (Girard, 1859) (Amazon molly)
  • Poecilia gillii (Kner, 1863)
  • Poecilia hispaniolana Rivas, 1978 (Hispaniola molly)[13]
  • Poecilia hondurensis Poeser, 2011
  • Poecilia kempkesi Poeser, 2013[12]
  • Poecilia koperi Poeser, 2003
  • Poecilia kykesis Poeser, 2002
  • Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur, 1821) (sailfin molly)
  • Poecilia latipunctata Meek, 1904 (broadspotted molly)
  • Poecilia marcellinoi Poeser, 1995
  • Poecilia maylandi M. K. Meyer, 1983 (Balsas molly)
  • Poecilia mechthildae M. K. Meyer, Etzel & Bork, 2002
  • Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863 (shortfin molly)
  • Poecilia nicholsi (G. S. Myers, 1931)
  • Poecilia obscura Schories, M. K. Meyer & Schartl, 2009
  • Poecilia orri Fowler, 1943 (mangrove molly)
  • Poecilia parae C. H. Eigenmann, 1894
  • Poecilia petenensis Günther, 1866 (Peten molly)
  • Poecilia reticulata W. K. H. Peters, 1859 (guppy)
  • Poecilia rositae M. K. Meyer, K. Schneider, Radda, B. Wilde & Schartl, 2004[14]
  • Poecilia salvatoris Regan, 1907 (Liberty molly)
  • Poecilia sarrafae Bragança & W. J. E. M. Costa, 2011
  • Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 (black molly)
  • Poecilia sulphuraria (Álvarez, 1948) (sulphur molly)
  • Poecilia teresae D. W. Greenfield, 1990 (mountain molly)
  • Poecilia vandepolli van Lidth de Jeude, 1887
  • Poecilia velifera (Regan, 1914) (Yucatán molly)
  • Poecilia vivipara Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801
  • Poecilia waiapi Bragança, W. J. E. M. Costa & Gama, 2012
  • Poecilia wandae Poeser, 2003
  • Poecilia wingei Poeser, Kempkes & Isbrücker, 2005 (Endler's guppy, Endler's livebearer)[15]

If Poecilia in the wider sense is used then the species would be divided up into subgenera as follows:[8]

  • Poecilia Bloch & Schneider 1801
    • Poecilia (Poecilia) vivipara
  • Acanthophacelus Eigenmann 1907
    • Poecilia (Acanthophacelus) kempkesi
    • Poecilia (Acanthophacelus) obscura
    • Poecilia (Acanthophacelus) reticulata
    • Poecilia (Acanthophacelus) wingei
  • Allopoecilia Hubbs 1924
    • Poecilia (Allopoecilia) caucana
    • Poecilia (Allopoecilia) dauli
  • Curtipenis Rivas & Myers 1950
    • Poecilia (Curtipenis) elegans
  • Limia Poey 1854
    • Poecilia (Limia) caudofasciata
    • Poecilia (Limia) caymanensi
    • Poecilia (Limia) dominicensis
    • Poecilia (Limia) fuscomaculata
    • Poecilia (Limia) garnieri
    • Poecilia (Limia) grossidens
    • Poecilia (Limia) immaculata
    • Poecilia (Limia) melanogaster
    • Poecilia (Limia) melanonotata
    • Poecilia (Limia) miragoanensis
    • Poecilia (Limia) nicholsi
    • Poecilia (Limia) nigrofasciata
    • Poecilia (Limia) ornata
    • Poecilia (Limia) pauciradiata
    • Poecilia (Limia) perugiae
    • Poecilia (Limia) rivasi
    • Poecilia (Limia) sulphurophila
    • Poecilia (Limia) tridens
    • Poecilia (Limia) versicolor
    • Poecilia (Limia) vittata
    • Poecilia (Limia) yaguajali
    • Poecilia (Limia) zonata
  • Micropoecilia Hubbs 1926
    • Poecilia (Micropoecilia) bifurca
    • Poecilia (Micropoecilia) branneri
    • Poecilia (Micropoecilia) minima
    • Poecilia (Micropoecilia) parae
    • Poecilia (Micropoecilia) picta
    • Poecilia (Micropoecilia) sarrafae
    • Poecilia (Micropoecilia) waiapi
  • Mollienesia Lesueur 1821
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) boesemani
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) butleri
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) catemaconis
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) chica
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) formosa
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) gillii
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) hondurensis
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) koperi
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) kykesis
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) latipinna
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) latipunctata
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) limantouri
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) marcellinoi
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) maylandi
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) mechthildae
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) mexicana
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) nelsoni
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) orri
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) petenensis
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) rositae
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) salvatoris
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) sphenops
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) sulphuraria
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) teresae
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) thermalis
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) vandepolli
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) velifera
    • Poecilia (Mollienesia) wandae
  • Pseudolimia Poeser 2002
    • Poecilia (Pseudolimia) heterandria
  • Psychropoecilia Myers 1935
    • Poecilia (Psychropoecilia) hispaniolana
    • Poecilia (Psychropoecilia) montana

Gallery

  • A male Dalmatian molly in a community aquarium

  • A male black molly

  • Poecilia vivipara

  • A female guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

  • A male guppy

References

  1. ↑ Bailly, Nicolas (2014). "Poecilia Bloch & Schneider, 1801". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154394. 
  2. ↑ "Poecilia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=165897. Retrieved June 8, 2006. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Palacios, Arias-Rodriguez, Plath, Eifert, Lerp, Lamboj, Voelker, & Tobler (2013). The Rediscovery of a Long Described Species Reveals Additional Complexity in Speciation Patterns of Poeciliid Fishes in Sulfide Springs. PLoS ONE 8(8): e71069.
  4. ↑ Plath; Heubel; García de León; & Schlupp (2005). Cave molly females (Poecilia mexicana, Poeciliidae, Teleostei) like well-fed males. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 58: 144–151.
  5. ↑ Bragança, P. H. N. and W. J. E. M. Costa (2011): Poecilia sarrafae, a new poeciliid from the Paraíba and Mearim river basins, northeastern Brazil (Cyprinodontiformes: Cyprinodontoidei). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 21 (no. 4) [Dec. 2010]: 369–376.
  6. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron; van der Laan, Richard, eds. "Genera in the family Poeciliinae". California Academy of Sciences. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Poeciliinae. 
  7. ↑ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 379. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES: Families POECILIIDAE, ANABLEPIDAE, VALENCIIDAE, APHANIIDAE and PROCATOPODIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. 9 March 2023. http://www.etyfish.org/cyprinodontiformes4/. 
  9. ↑ "Molly's the word!". 13 June 2016. https://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/mollys-the-word/. 
  10. ↑ "Reproductive biology of Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 (Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliidae) at the Emiliano Zapata Reservoir in Morelos, Mexico". Neotropical Ichthyology 14. 2016. https://www.scielo.br/j/ni/a/k8KDwdzPd87QF6bsJ3dMGVd/?lang=en. 
  11. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). Species of Poecilia in FishBase. February 2013 version.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Poeser, F.N. (2013): Apropos Guppys... viviparos, Das Lebendgebärenden Magazin, (11) 1: 36-40, 56. (In German)
  13. ↑ Lyons, T.J. & Rodríguez-Silva, R. 2021. Poecilia hispaniolana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T125979833A125986583. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T125979833A125986583.en. Downloaded on 28 April 2021.
  14. ↑ Manfred K. Meyer; Alfred C. Radda; Manfred Schartl; Klaus Schneider; Brigitta Wilde (November 2004). "A new species of Poecilia, subgenus Mollienesia, from upper río Cahabón system, Guatemala, with remarks on the Nomenclature of Mollienesia petenensis Günther, 1866 (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)". Zoologische Abhandlungen 54: 145–154. ISSN 0375-5231. http://globiz.sachsen.de/snsd/publikationen/zool_abh_54_2004_145-154.pdf. 
  15. ↑ Fred N. Poeser; Michael Kempkes; Isaac J. H. Isbrücker (2005). "Description of Poecilia (Acanthophacelus) wingei n. sp. from the Paria Peninsula, Venezuela, including notes on Acanthophacelus Eigenmann, 1907 and other subgenera of Poecilia Bloch and Schneider, 1801 (Teleostei, Cyprinodontiformes, Poecilidae)". Contributions to Zoology 74 (1–2): 97–115. doi:10.1163/18759866-0740102007. http://www.goodeids.com/docs/POESER_2005_WINGEI.pdf. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q310951 entry



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