Biology:Pachycormiformes

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Short description: Extinct order of ray-finned fishes

Pachycormiformes
Temporal range: Early Jurassic - Late Cretaceous, Toarcian–Maastrichtian
Pachycormus bollensis - Naturmuseum Senckenberg - DSC02210 (cropped).JPG
Skeleton of Pachycormus
Orthocormus cornutus 1.JPG
Skeleton of Orthocormus
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Infraclass: Teleosteomorpha
Division: Aspidorhynchei
Order: Pachycormiformes
Berg 1937
Family: Pachycormidae
Woodward, 1895
Type genus
Pachycormus
Agassiz, 1833
Genera

See text

Synonyms[1]
  • Diphyodontidae Jordan, 1923
  • Erisichtheidae Cope, 1877b
  • Microlepidoti Zittel, 1887
  • Pelecopteridae Cope, 1875
  • Protosphyraenidae Lydekker, 1889
  • Sauropsidae Cope, 1877a
  • Saurotomini [Saurostomini] Bonaparte, 1846 corrig. Bonaparte 1850a

Pachycormiformes is an extinct order of marine ray-finned fish known from the Early Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous. It only includes a single family, Pachycormidae. They were characterized by having serrated pectoral fins (though more recent studies demonstrated that fin shape diversity in this group was high[2]), reduced pelvic fins and a bony rostrum. Pachycormiformes are morphologically diverse, containing both tuna and swordfish-like carnivorous forms, as well as edentulous suspension-feeding forms.

Description

Size comparison of various species of Pachycormiform fish

Pachycormiformes are united by "a compound bone (rostrodermethmoid) forming the anterodorsal border of the mouth; a reduced coronoid process of the mandible; absence of supraorbitals associated with a dermosphenotic defining the dorsal margin of the orbit; two large, plate-like suborbital bones posterior to the infraorbitals; long, slender pectoral fins; asymmetrical branching of pectoral fin lepidotrichia; considerable overlap of the hypurals by caudal fin rays (hypurostegy); and the presence of distinctive uroneural-like ossifications of the caudal fin endoskeleton".[3] Pachycormiformes varied substantially in size, from medium-sized fishes around 40–111 centimetres (1.31–3.64 ft) in length like the macropredator Pachycormus,[4] to the largest known ray-finned fish, the suspension feeding Leedsichthys, which is estimated to have reached a maximum length of around 16 metres (52 ft).[5]

Relationships

Pachycormiformes are generally interpreted as basal members of Teleosteomorpha, the group that includes all fish more closely related to modern teleosts than to Holostei (the group containing bowfin and gars), often they have been considered to be the sister group of the Aspidorhynchiformes.[6][7]

Gallery

Taxonomy

Taxonomy according to Cooper et al. (2022):[8]

Cladistics according to Friedman et al. (2010).[10]

Pachycormiformes

Euthynotus

Hypsocormus insignis

"Hypsocormus" tenuirostris

Orthocormus

Australopachycormus

Protosphyraena

Pachycormus

Suspension feeding clade

Asthenocormus titanius

Martillichthys renwickae

Bonnerichthys gladius

†Leedsichthys problematicus

Rhinconichthys taylori

References

  1. van der Laan, R. (2018). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". European Journal of Taxonomy (466). doi:10.5852/ejt.2018.466. 
  2. Liston, Jeff J.; Maltese, Anthony E.; Lambers, Paul H.; Delsate, Dominique; Harcourt-Smith, William E. H.; Heteren, Anneke H. van (2019-11-07). "Scythes, sickles and other blades: defining the diversity of pectoral fin morphotypes in Pachycormiformes" (in en). PeerJ 7: e7675. doi:10.7717/peerj.7675. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 31720097. 
  3. Dobson, Claire; Giles, Sam; Johanson, Zerina; Liston, Jeff; Friedman, Matt (2019-09-03). "Cranial osteology of the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Martillichthys renwickae (Neopterygii, Pachycormiformes) with comments on the evolution and ecology of edentulous pachycormiforms". Papers in Palaeontology 7: 111–136. doi:10.1002/spp2.1276. ISSN 2056-2802. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e93fadf1-93da-4727-aad7-beeeacd09657. 
  4. Gouiric-Cavalli, Soledad; Cione, Alberto Luis (2015-07-04). "Notodectes is the first endemic pachycormiform genus (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii, Pachycormiformes) in the Southern Hemisphere" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (4): e933738. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.933738. ISSN 0272-4634. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2014.933738. 
  5. Liston, J., Newbrey, M., Challands, T., and Adams, C., 2013 (2013). "Growth, age and size of the Jurassic pachycormid Leedsichthys problematicus (Osteichthyes: Actinopterygii)". in Arratia, G., Schultze, H. and Wilson, M.. Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution. München, Germany: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 145–175. ISBN 9783899371598. https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/81797/1/81797.pdf. 
  6. Peskin, Brianna; Henke, Katrin; Cumplido, Nicolás; Treaster, Stephen; Harris, Matthew P.; Bagnat, Michel; Arratia, Gloria (2020-07-20). "Notochordal Signals Establish Phylogenetic Identity of the Teleost Spine" (in en). Current Biology 30 (14): 2805–2814.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.037. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 32559448. 
  7. Arratia, Gloria (2017-03-04). "New Triassic teleosts (Actinopterygii, Teleosteomorpha) from northern Italy and their phylogenetic relationships among the most basal teleosts" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (2): e1312690. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1312690. ISSN 0272-4634. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2017.1312690. 
  8. 8.0 8.1 Cooper, S. L. A.; Giles, S.; Young, H.; Maxwell, E. E. (2022). "A New Large †Pachycormiform (Teleosteomorpha: †Pachycormiformes) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany, with Affinities to the Suspension-Feeding Clade, and Comments on the Gastrointestinal Anatomy of Pachycormid Fishes". Diversity 14 (12): 1026. doi:10.3390/d14121026. 
  9. Gouiric-Cavalli, S.; Arratia, G. (2022). "A new †Pachycormiformes (Actinopterygii) from the Upper Jurassic of Gondwana sheds light on the evolutionary history of the group". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19 (21): 1517–1550. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2049382. 
  10. Matt Friedman; Kenshu Shimada; Larry D. Martin; Michael J. Everhart; Jeff Liston; Anthony Maltese; Michael Triebold (2010). "100-million-year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the Mesozoic seas.". Science 327 (5968): 990–993. doi:10.1126/science.1184743. PMID 20167784. Bibcode2010Sci...327..990F. http://science-mag.aaas.org/cgi/content/abstract/327/5968/990. 

Wikidata ☰ Q1227671 entry