Biology:Marsilea

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Short description: Genus of aquatic plants

Marsilea
Starr 061108-9797 Marsilea villosa.jpg
Marsilea villosa
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Salviniales
Family: Marsileaceae
Genus: Marsilea
L.
Type species
Marsilea quadrifolia
Species[1]

See text.

Synonyms[2]

Lemma Juss. ex Adans.
Spheroidea Dulac
Zaluzianskia Neck.

Marsilea is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae. The name honours Italian naturalist Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1656–1730).[3]

These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because of the long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are either present above water or submerged.

The sporocarps of some Australia n species are very drought-resistant, surviving up to 100 years in dry conditions. On wetting, the gelatinous interior of the sporocarp swells, splitting it and releasing a worm-like mass that carries sori, eventually leading to germination of spores and fertilization.

Uses

Clover indian.jpg
Marsilea hirsuta was introduced to the Azores but formerly thought to be an endemic species, M. azorica[4]

As food

Sporocarps of some Australian species such as Marsilea drummondii are edible and have been eaten by Aborigines and early white settlers, who knew it under the name ngardu or nardoo. Parts of Marsilea drummondii contain an enzyme which destroys thiamine (vitamin B1), leading to brain damage in sheep and horses. During floods in the Gwydir River basin 2,200 sheep died after eating nardoo. Three-quarters of the sheep that were affected did however respond to thiamine injections.[5] Thiamine deficiency from incorrectly prepared nardoo likely resulted in the starvation and death of Burke and Wills.[6][7]

The leaves of Marsilea crenata are part of the East Javanese cuisine of Indonesia, especially in the city of Surabaya. It is called Pecel Semanggi and is served with spicy peanut and sweet potato sauce.

Ornamental

A few species in the genus, such as Marsilea crenata, Marsilea exarata, Marsilea hirsuta, and Marsilea quadrifolia, are grown in aquaria.

Formerly placed here

Phylogeny

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Marsilea shows the following tree.[9] This tree indicates that M. crenata is the same species (or a subspecies) of M. minuta, and possibly M. fadeniana also. Additionally, this analysis contradicts reports[10] that M. polycarpa is a synonym for M. minuta

Nagalingum et al. 2007[9] Fern Tree of Life[11][12]
 
Group I
Clemys
 

M. crotophora

 
 

M. polycarpa

 
subgroup
Mutica

M. mutica

subgroup
 
Group II
 
Macrocarpa
 

M. aegyptiatica

 
 

M. botryocarpa

 
 

M. ephippiocarpa

 
 

M. farinosa

 
 

M. macrocarpa

 
 
 

M. schelpiana

 
 

M. vera

 
 

M. villifolia

 
 
subgroup
Nubica
 

M. nubica (Botswana)

 
 

M. nubica (Nigeria)

 
subgroup
 
 
Capensis
 

M. distorta

 
 
 

M. capensis

 
 

M. gibba

 
 
subgroup
 
 
Nodorhizae
 
 
 

M. ancyclopoda

 
 
 

M. macropoda

 
 
 

M. nashii (Grand Turk Island)

 
 

M. nashii (West Indies)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

M. oligospora

 
 

M. vestita

 
 
 

M. villosa

 
 
 
 

M. mollis

 
subgroup
Marsilea
 
 
 

M. angustifolia

 
 

M. drummondii

 
 
M. minuta‑crenata‑
 
 
 
 
 

M. crenata (Indonesia)

 
 

M. crenata (Thailand)

 
 
 

M. minuta (India )

 
 
 

M. minuta (Myanmar)

 
 
 

M. minuta (Africa)

 
 
 

M. fadeniana

 
fadeniana complex
 
 

M. quadrifolia

 
subgroup
 
 
 
 
 
section
 

M. mutica Mett.[8]

 
 
 

M. scalaripes D.M. Johnson

 
 
 

M. crotophora D.M. Johnson[1]

 
 
 

M. deflexa A.Braun[1]

 
 

M. polycarpa Hooker & Greville

 
 
 
 
Clemys
 
 
 
M. macrocarpa
 
 

M. schelpeana Launert[1]

 
 
 

M. owambo Doweld[1]

 
 

M. villifolia Brem. & Oberm. ex Alston & Schelpe[1]

 
 
 
 
 
 

M. aegyptica Willd.[1]

 
 

M. ephippiocarpa Alston[1]

 
 
 
 

M. farinosa Launert[1]

 
 
 

M. botryocarpa Ballard[1]

 
 

M. macrocarpa C.Presl[1]

 
 
 
 
species‑group
 
 
section
 

M. strigosa Willdenow[1]

 
 
 

M. ancyclopoda A.Braun (Tropical Water Clover)[1]

 
 
 
 

M. macropoda Engelm. ex A.Braun[1]

 
 

M. nashii Underwood[1]

 
 
 
 

M. mollis B.L. Rob. & Fernald[1]

 
 
 

M. villosa Kaulf. (ʻIhiʻihi) (Hawaii)[8][1]

 
 
 

M. oligospora Goodd.[1]

 
 

M. vestita Hook. & Grev. (Hairy Water Clover)[8][1]

 
 
 
 
 
 
Nodorhizae
section
 

M. nubica A.Braun[1]

 
 
 
 
 

M. capensis A.Braun[1]

 
 

M. gibba Brown[1]

 
 
 
 

M. coromandelina Willd.[1]

 
 

M. distorta A.Braun[1]

 
 
 
 
 

M. quadrifolia L. (European Water Clover)[8][1]

 
 
 
 

M. fadeniana Launert

 
 
 

M. crenata C.Presl[8][1]

 
 

M. minuta L. (Dwarf Water Clover)[8][1]

 
 
 
 
 

M. drummondii A.Braun[8]

 
 
 

M. hirsuta R. Br.[1]

 
 
 

M. azorica Launert & Paiva

 
 
 

M. costulifera Jones

 
 
 

M. angustifolia Brown

 
 

M. exarata Brown

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marsilea
 
 
 

Other species include:

  • Marsilea aethiopica Launert
  • Marsilea apposita Launert[1]
  • Marsilea batardae Launen
  • Marsilea burchellii A.Braun[1]
  • Marsilea condensata Bak.
  • Marsilea cryptocarpa Albr. & Chinnock
  • Marsilea fenestrata Launert[1]
  • Marsilea globulosa Bouchart
  • Marsilea hickenii Herter
  • Marsilea latzii Jones
  • Marsilea megalomanica Launert
  • Marsilea pyriformis Bouchart
  • Marsilea quadrata Brown
  • Marsilea ×subangulata Brown
  • Marsilea subterranea Leprieur
  • Marsilea unicornis Launert[1]
  • Marsilea vera Launert[1]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 "Marsilea — The Plant List" (in English). 2012. http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/P/Marsileaceae/Marsilea/. 
  2. ↑ "Genus: Marsilea L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?7297. 
  3. ↑ "Marsilea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1099. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 485, 1754.". Flora of North America. eFloras.org. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=119753. 
  4. ↑ Schaefer, Hanno; Mark A Carine; Fred J Rumsey (October–December 2011). "From European priority species to invasive weed: Marsilea azorica is a misidentified alien". Systematic Botany 36 (4): 845–853. doi:10.1600/036364411X604868. 
  5. ↑ Watt, Bruce, Managing the land – Toxic Plants, Pro Grazier, Winter, 2009, MLA
  6. ↑ Chaffey, Calder (June 2002). "A Fern which Changed Australian History". Australian Plants Online. Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants. http://asgap.org.au/APOL26/jun02-6.html. 
  7. ↑ Phoenix, Dave (2011). "Did Burke and Wills die because they ate nardoo?". State Library of Victoria: The Burke & Wills research gateway. http://burkeandwills.slv.vic.gov.au/ask-an-expert/did-burke-and-wills-die-because-they-ate-nardoo. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 "GRIN Species of Marsilea". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. https://training.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomylist.aspx?category=species&type=genus&value=Marsilea&id=7297. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nagalingum, Nathalie S.; Schneider, Harald; Pryer, Kathleen M. (2007). "Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships and Morphological Evolution in the Heterosporous Fern Genus Marsilea" (in English). Systematic Botany 32 (1): 16–25. doi:10.1600/036364407780360256. ISSN 1548-2324. 
  10. ↑ Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Sep 2017 http://www.tropicos.org/Name/26602149
  11. ↑ Nitta, Joel H.Expression error: Unrecognized word "et". (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMID 36092417. 
  12. ↑ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". 2023. https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html. 

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