Biology:Listeria phage P100
| Listeria phage P100 | |
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| Group: | Group I (dsDNA)
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| Species: | Listeria phage P100
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Listeria phage P100 is a virus of the family Myoviridae, genus Twortlikevirus.[1][2]
Listeria phage P100 has been proposed as food additive to control Listeria monocytogenes,[3] the bacteria responsible for Listeriosis. Listeriosis is an infection that is the result of consuming food that is contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes.[4]
As a member of the group I of the Baltimore classification, Listeria phage P100 is a dsDNA virus. P100 shares a nonenveloped morphology consisting of a head and a tail separated by a neck similar to other members of the Myoviridae family. Virions are independent particles that exist separate from cells. They are spread by attaching to a host cell and injecting a double stranded DNA; the host then transcribes and translates it to manufacture new particles. Host cell DNA polymerases is needed to replicate its genetic content, therefore, the process is highly dependent on the cell cycle.[5]
Characteristics
Listeria phage P100 targets Listeria monocytogenes, the bacterial pathogen responsible for listeriosis.Listeria monocytogenes is the only human pathogen that causes Listeriosis. [6] Unlike most phages infecting bacteria in the genus Listeria, Listeria phage P100 is a virulent phage.[7][8] This means that it destroys the host cell through lysis which is when the membrane of a cell is broken down. This makes phage P100 absolutely lethal to Listeria after infection.[9] The contractile tail of the Listeria phage P100 serves as the mechanism in which DNA is ejected from the (non-encased) protein capsid into the host's cytoplasm, where DNA replication occurs independently from the host. Additionally, the P100 type has a very large host range, which accounts for over 95% of all bacteria types within Listeria that appear in food (unlike most phages in its genus.)
Treatment potential
Listeriosis affects approximately 1,600 people each year, and within that group about 260 people will not survive. Listeriosis is most commonly observed in immunocompromised, pregnant, elderly or young people.[10] Listeria monocytogenes can grow on a variety of foods, such as cheese, meat, poultry, vegetables, and seafood. Listeria monocytogenes may even be detected on surfaces that have had contact with the previously mentioned foods. [11] Listeria phage P100 has been shown to be generally stable under storage conditions.[12] Listeria phage P100 is a key component to the food additive Listex P100, which has received GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status by the US food and drug administration and is currently approved for use in the European Union as well. PhageGuard is a company that developed an organic, FDA approved product to combat Listeria. The company prides themselves on not affecting the smell, texture or taste of the food they use their product on while eliminating Listeria monocytogenes.[13]
Genome
Its linear genome contains 131,385 base pairs that encode 174 open reading frames and 18 tRNAs.[3] The requirement for each open reading frame (ORF) was the presence of one of the following start codons: ATG, TTG, or GTG as well as a suitable ribosomal binding site and a minimum length of 40 encoded amino acids.[3]
P100 appears to be closely related to Listeria phage A511, which is also virulent. Both belong morphologically to the Myoviridae family. Further phenotypic observations also correlate well, showing significant nucleotide homologies between them.[9] There are also some shared sequences with other Myoviridae phages that infect Gram-Positive bacteria.[14]
References
- ↑ International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (2011). "Master Species List of 2011, version 2". http://talk.ictvonline.org/files/ictv_documents/m/msl/4090.aspx.
- ↑ "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)". Archives of Virology 157 (7): 1411–22. July 2012. doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6. PMID 22481600.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Bacteriophage P100 for control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: genome sequence, bioinformatic analyses, oral toxicity study, and application". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 43 (3): 301–12. December 2005. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.08.005. PMID 16188359.
- ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/index.html
- ↑ "Expression of animal virus genomes". Bacteriological Reviews 35 (3): 235–41. September 1971. PMID 4329869.
- ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/index.html/
- ↑ "Bacteriophage P100 for control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: genome sequence, bioinformatic analyses, oral toxicity study, and application". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 43 (3): 301–12. December 2005. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.08.005. PMID 16188359.
- ↑ Waldor, Matthew K., ed (2005-09-27) (in English). Phages: Their Role in Pathogen and Biotechnology (1st ed.). Washington, DC: ASM Press. ISBN 9781555813079.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Evaluation of seven experimental phages for inclusion in the international phage set for the epidemiological typing of Listeria monocytogenes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63 (9): 3374–7. September 1997. PMID 9292987. PMC 168643. http://aem.asm.org/content/63/9/3374.
- ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/index.html/
- ↑ "Phage Guard". https://phageguard.com/listeria-solution/.
- ↑ Iacumin L, Manzano M, Comi G (January 2016). "Phage Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on San Daniele Dry-Cured Ham and Elimination of Biofilms from Equipment and Working Environments". Microorganisms 4 (1): 4. doi:10.3390/microorganisms4010004. PMID 27681898.
- ↑ https://phageguard.com/listeria-solution//
- ↑ "Genome of staphylococcal phage K: a new lineage of Myoviridae infecting gram-positive bacteria with a low G+C content". Journal of Bacteriology 186 (9): 2862–71. May 2004. doi:10.1128/JB.186.9.2862-2871.2004. PMID 15090528.
Wikidata ☰ Q16984730 entry
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