Biology:List of gymnosperm families

Short description: none

Cypresse, painted by Vincent van Gogh

The gymnosperms consist of five orders of seed plants: Cupressales, Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Gnetales and Pinales. They developed more than 350 million years ago, long before flowering plants, according to the fossil record. The name comes from the Greek for "naked seed"; the egg cells are not protected by ovaries, as in flowering plants.

Gymnosperms are divided into 12 families of trees, shrubs and woody vines. Sequoiadendron giganteum, the giant redwood, is the largest tree in the world, and Sequoia sempervirens, the coastal redwood, is the tallest. Ginkgo trees tolerate urban pollutants well, and are often planted in and near cities. The pine family is the main source of softwood timber, paper pulp and turpentine. The flexible wood of the yew family is used in longbows and musical instruments.

Glossary

From the glossary of botanical terms:

• deciduous: falling seasonally, as with bark, leaves, or petals
• unisexual: of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs
• woody: hard and lignified; not herbaceous

Families

Family and a common name	Type genus and etymology	Total genera; global distribution	Description and uses	Order	Type genus images
Araucariaceae (kauri-tree family)	Araucaria, for the Araucanos (Mapuche)	3 genera, in southern South America, Southeast Asia, and parts of the western Pacific	Evergreens with whorled branches. Many of the larger species are harvested for timber.	Cupressales	Araucaria araucana
Cupressaceae (cypress family)	Cupressus, from Greek and Latin plant names	30 genera, prevalent in the Northern Hemisphere, and scattered in southern temperate zones	Trees and shrubs with heavily scented resin. Taxodium is an aquatic tree genus with roots that form knees in some species. Many species provide timber that resists fungal and termite damage.	Cupressales	Cupressus sempervirens
Cycadaceae (sago family)	Cycas, from a Greek plant name	1 genus, scattered widely around Southeast Asia, northern Australia, and parts of India and Africa	Unisexual trunked plants with leaf bases that periodically sprout new leaves. The raw plants are toxic for humans, but carefully prepared starches from some species are added to certain Asian dishes.	Cycadales	Cycas revoluta
Ephedraceae (jointfir family)	Ephedra, from Greek and Latin plant names	1 genus, in northern temperate regions, arid zones, and the Andes and other parts of South America	Mostly unisexual shrubs and vines. Generally, photosynthesis occurs in the branches rather than the leaves. Many plants contain the medicinal compound ephedrine.	Gnetales	Ephedra distachya
Ginkgoaceae (maidenhair-tree family)	Ginkgo, from Chinese and Japanese plant names	1 genus, in eastern China	Deciduous unisexual trees with fan-like leaves. Trees nearly identical to the modern Ginkgo are frequently found in the fossil record from the Mesozoic Era.	Ginkgoales	Ginkgo biloba
Gnetaceae (emping family)	Gnetum, from a Maluku or Malay plant name	1 genus, scattered in the tropics	Unisexual woody vines, and occasionally trees. At least two species are cultivated or gathered for food in Africa and Indonesia. Some plants provide fibre and wood.	Gnetales	Gnetum edule
Pinaceae (pine family)	Pinus, from a Latin plant name	11 genera, scattered widely in the Northern Hemisphere	Evergreen and deciduous conifers, mostly trees and some shrubs, with heavily scented resin. Leaves are needle-shaped or linear. Pinus pinea is grown commericially for pine nuts. Many species are grown as ornamentals, especially for winter holidays.	Pinales	Pinus palustris
Podocarpaceae (yewpine family)	Podocarpus, from Greek for "stalked fruit"	20 genera, scattered in the Southern Hemisphere, in East and Southeast Asia, and in and near Central America and the Caribbean	Evergreen trees and shrubs, with a few species that grow in water or on other plants. Timber production has decreased due to overharvesting.	Cupressales	Podocarpus macrophyllus
Sciadopityaceae (umbrella-pine family)	Sciadopitys, from Greek for "umbel" or "parasol" (the leaves) + "fir"	1 genus, in Japan	Evergreen trees with unisexual cones and photosynthetic branchlets	Cupressales	Sciadopitys verticillata
Taxaceae (yew family)	Taxus, from a Latin plant name	5 genera, scattered mainly in the Northern Hemisphere	Evergreen shrubs and trees with poisonous berry-like cones	Cupressales	Taxus baccata
Welwitschiaceae (tumbo family)	Welwitschia, for Friedrich Welwitsch (1806–1872)	1 genus, in desert regions of southwestern Africa near the coast	Unisexual plants with short, concave stems and two (occasionally three) large torn leaves. Some of them live for more than a thousand years.	Gnetales	Welwitschia mirabilis
Zamiaceae (coontie family)	Zamia, from a Latin plant name	9 genera, scattered widely in the tropics and subtropics	Unisexual trunked plants with leaf bases that periodically sprout new leaves. Seeds of Dioon edule are prepared and used in some tortillas.	Cycadales	Zamia pumila

See also

• List of plant family names with etymologies

Citations

Some of POWO's data originally appeared in different databases. On the page for each family, these databases (if any) will appear under the "General information" tab.

References

• Burkhardt, Lotte (2018) (in German) (pdf). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition. Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2018. Retrieved January 1, 2021.  See the Creative Commons license.
• Christenhusz, Maarten; Fay, Michael Francis; Chase, Mark Wayne (2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. Chicago, Illinois: Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0. 
• Coombes, Allen J. (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2. 
• IPNI (2022). "International Plant Names Index". London, Boston and Canberra: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; and the Australian National Botanic Gardens. https://www.ipni.org. 
• POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/.  See their terms-of-use license.
• Stearn, William (2002). Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-36469-5. 
• Stevens, P.F. (2023). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Gymnosperms". Missouri Botanical Garden. https://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/orders/Cycadales.html#Gymnosperms. 
• Turland, N. J., ed. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_18.html. Retrieved February 25, 2022.