Biology:List of alismatid families

Short description: none

Titan arum

Duckweed; each speck is an individual plant.

The alismatid monocots are a group of 15 interrelated families of flowering plants, named for their largest order, Alismatales. Like other monocots, they usually have a single embryonic leaf (cotyledon) in their seeds, scattered vascular systems, leaves with parallel veins, flowers with parts in threes or multiples of three, and roots that can develop in more than one place along the stems. The alismatids have adapted to thrive in oceans, temperate zones, deserts, the tropics, and even glacial regions.

Like the earliest monocots, many of the alismatid monocots are aquatic, and some grow completely submerged. Apart from the sweet-flag family of wetlands plants, all the alismatid families are in Alismatales. Some of the plants in this order are invasive aquatic weeds that can disrupt and destabilize ecosystems. Others grow in a variety of habitats, especially plants in the aroid family. This family includes the titan arum, with the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, and also the world's smallest flowering plant, duckweed.

Glossary

From the glossary of botanical terms:

• annual: a plant species that completes its life cycle within a single year or growing season
• basal: attached close to the base (of a plant or an evolutionary tree diagram)
• climber: a vine that leans on, twines around or clings to other plants for vertical support
• herbaceous: not woody; usually green and soft in texture
• perennial: not an annual or biennial
• woody: hard and lignified; not herbaceous

The APG IV system is the fourth in a series of plant taxonomies from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. In this system, the alismatids are basal within the monocots.

Alismatid families

Family and a common name	Type genus and etymology	Total genera; global distribution	Description and uses	Order	Type genus images
Acoraceae (sweet-flag family)	Acorus comes from a Latin plant name.	1 genus, in North America, Europe and Asia	Herbaceous aromatic plants with thin, sword-shaped leaves. The rhizomes are essentially non-vascular.	Acorales	Acorus calamus
Alismataceae (water-plantain family)	Alisma comes from a Greek plant name.	18 genera, worldwide	Herbaceous latex-bearing aquatic plants, usually perennials. They take root in freshwater beds, and some remain submerged. Two species are consumed in Asia, and another was a food source for Native Americans. C4 photosynthesis has been observed in Sagittaria.	Alismatales	Alisma plantago-aquatica
Aponogetona­ceae (waterblommetjie family)	Aponogeton is from the Latin for "near (the hot springs at) Aponus".	1 genus, in Africa, Oceania, and South and Southeast Asia	Herbaceous smooth-stemmed freshwater perennials, usually with long leaf-stalks. Cape pondweed flowers are consumed as a delicacy in South Africa; the tubers are also edible.	Alismatales	Aponogeton distachyos
Araceae (aroid family)	Arum comes from a Greek plant name.	142 genera, worldwide, especially in the tropics	Generally sappy, herbaceous plants growing in soil, in water and on trees, along with a few woody climbers. Many cultures have relied on taro plants (which are toxic when raw) as a staple crop.	Alismatales	Arum maculatum
Butomaceae (flowering-rush family)	Butomus is from the Greek for "ox-wounding", named for the sharp leaves.	1 genus, in temperate Europe and Asia	Smooth-stemmed herbaceous aquatic, swamp or marsh plants, usually with milky latex. They are consumed in parts of Russia, in bread or as a vegetable.	Alismatales	Butomus umbellatus
Cymodocea­ceae (turtle-grass family)	Cymodocea was named for Cymodoce, a Greek sea nymph.	6 genera, in tropical and warm temperate seas	Large perennials, up to 30 cm (12 in) long in the genus Cymodocea. They nourish and shelter many crustaceans and fish that are harvested commercially.	Alismatales	Cymodocea nodosa
Hydrocharita­ceae (frogbit family)	Hydrocharis is from the Greek for "water grace".	14 genera, worldwide	Annual and perennial aquatic plants. One species is consumed in Asia. Many invasive genera have become entrenched, causing considerable economic damage.	Alismatales	Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
Juncaginaceae (arrowgrass family)	Juncago (an earlier synonym for the type genus, Triglochin) is from the Latin for "a rush-like plant".	3 genera, in northern temperate zones, South America, Oceania and parts of Africa	Herbaceous plants with grass-like leaves that grow in soil or water. Two species are edible.	Alismatales	Triglochin palustris
Maundiaceae (Maund's-arrowgrass family)	Maundia was named for John Maund (1823–1858), a physician and chemist.	1 genus, in eastern Australia	Aquatic perennials with leaves up to 80 cm (31 in) long. The family is likely to become endangered as water tables recede in eastern Australia.	Alismatales	Maundia triglochinoides
Posidoniaceae (tapeweed family)	Posidonia was named for Poseidon, a Greek god.	1 genus, in the Mediterranean and oceans south and west of Australia	Submerged plants with long linear leaves. Genetically identical beds of Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean can be kilometers wide and persist for many thousands of years.	Alismatales	Posidonia oceanica
Potamogetona­ceae (pondweed family)	Potamogeton comes from Greek and Latin plant names.	5 genera, worldwide	Aquatic plants, usually perennials. The plants are an important food source for many birds and aquatic animals.	Alismatales	Potamogeton natans
Ruppiaceae (tasselweed family)	Ruppia was named for Heinrich Bernhard Ruppius (1688–1719).	1 genus, scattered worldwide, in ponds, marshes and shallow seas	Submerged herbaceous plants, usually annuals with stalkless leaves	Alismatales	Ruppia polycarpa
Scheuchzeria­ceae (Rannoch-rush family)	Scheuchzeria was named for Johann Gaspar Scheuchzer (1684–1738) and his brother Johann Jacob.	1 genus, in arctic sphagnum bogs	Perennial aquatic plants. The linear leaves have parallel veins.	Alismatales	Scheuchzeria palustris
Tofieldiaceae (false-asphodel family)	Tofieldia was named for Thomas Tofield (1730–1779).	4 genera, mostly in northern boreal and montane zones, with some species in the US, China and Japan	Herbaceous rhizomatous perennials, usually with leaves attached at the plant's base	Alismatales	Tofieldia calyculata
Zosteraceae (eelgrass family)	Zostera is from the Greek for "belt".	2 genera, in temperate and subtropical sea beds	Perennials with simple leaves. The plants have been used as packing material. The dense growths support commercially important fish and shrimp.	Alismatales	Zostera marina

See also

• List of plant family names with etymologies

Citations

Some of POWO's data originally appeared in different databases. On the page for each family, these databases (if any) will appear under the "General information" tab.

References

• Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. 
• Burkhardt, Lotte (2018) (in German) (pdf). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition. Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2018. Retrieved January 1, 2021.  See the terms of their Creative Commons license.
• Christenhusz, Maarten; Fay, Michael Francis; Chase, Mark Wayne (2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. Chicago, Illinois: Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0. 
• Coombes, Allen (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2. 
• Givnish, Thomas J.; Ames, Mercedes; McNeal, Joel R.; McKain, Michael R.; Steele, P. Roxanne; dePamphilis, Claude W.; Graham, Sean W.; Pires, J. Chris et al. (December 27, 2010). "Assembling the Tree of the Monocotyledons: Plastome Sequence Phylogeny and Evolution of Poales". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97 (4): 584–616. doi:10.3417/2010023. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/172229. Retrieved October 23, 2022. 
• IPNI (2022). "International Plant Names Index". London, Boston and Canberra: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; and the Australian National Botanic Gardens. https://www.ipni.org. 
• POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/.  See the terms of their license.
• Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2010). "Monocots I: General Alismatids & Lilioids". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.kew.org/science/directory/teams/MonocotsI/index.html. 
• Stearn, William (2002). Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-36469-5. 
• Stevens, P.F. (2023). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Alismatales.". Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/orders/alismatalesweb.htm. 
• Turland, N. J., ed. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_18.html. Retrieved February 25, 2022. 
• "USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System". Beltsville, Maryland: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. 2022. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch?t=family.