Biology:Flavivirus 5' UTR
| Flavivirus-5UTR | |
|---|---|
 Consensus secondary structure and sequence conservation of Flavivirus 5' UTR | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | Flavivirus-5UTR |
| Rfam | RF03546 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Cis-reg |
| GO | 0039694 |
| SO | 0000205 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |
Flavivirus 5' UTR are untranslated regions in the genome of viruses in the genus Flavivirus.
Background
The Flavivirus positive-oriented, single-stranded RNA genome has a length of 10,000 - 11,000 bases. The genus includes human pathogens like Zika virus, West-Nile virus, Dengue virus, Yellow Fever virus and other.[1]
The 5' UTR of flaviviruses are highly structured, has a length of approximately 100 nucleotides and harbors two conserved RNA secondary structures which are vital for the viral life cycle.[2][3] During replication, the 5' UTR interacts with the 3' UTR of the genome to initiate synthesis of new viral replicates and viral protein translation. In direct adjacency to the 5' UTR lies the cHP structure, which is essential for the viral replication.[4][5]
5'SLA
The first structural element is termed 5'SLA and comprises three stems (S1, S2, S3) folded as L-shaped-like stem structure,[6] and a side structure domain (SSD). Its overall length is around 70 nucleotides. Disruption experiments of S1 and S2 led to a stop of viral replication. Further, SLA is the promoter for RNA synthesis and interacts with the viral protein NS5 during circularization of the viral genome.[7][8] After recruitment of NS5, the two loop regions of S3 (TL) and SSD (SSL) are considered to interact with NS5 to promote polymerase activity.[4][9] Despite the diversity of SSD, its stable structure is essential for infectivity.[4]
5'SLB
The second element is termed 5'SLB and contains the translation initiation codon at the top region of the stem loop. It further contains the 5'UAR (upstream AUG region), which is essential for the circularization of the genome.[10] The 5'UAR interacts with the 3'UAR, which is located at the 3' UTR of the genome to form a long-range RNA-RNA interaction.[10]
cHP
The capsid-coding hairpin region (cHP) actually lies in the ORF of the viral genome and is followed by the 5'CS (conserved sequence), which forms another long-range RNA-RNA interaction with the 3' UTR (3'CS).[5] The cHP aids in the start codon recognition and viral replication. Studies show that the function of cHP is sequence-independent but structure-dependent.[11]
References
- ↑ "International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)" (in en). https://ictv.global/taxonomy.
- ↑ Ng, Wy; Soto-Acosta, Ruben; Bradrick, Shelton; Garcia-Blanco, Mariano; Ooi, Eng (2017-06-06). "The 5′ and 3′ Untranslated Regions of the Flaviviral Genome" (in en). Viruses 9 (6): 137. doi:10.3390/v9060137. ISSN 1999-4915. PMID 28587300.
- ↑ Gebhard, Leopoldo G.; Filomatori, Claudia V.; Gamarnik, Andrea V. (2011-09-15). "Functional RNA Elements in the Dengue Virus Genome" (in en). Viruses 3 (9): 1739–1756. doi:10.3390/v3091739. ISSN 1999-4915. PMID 21994804.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Zeng, Miao; Duan, Yanping; Zhang, Wei; Wang, Mingshu; Jia, Renyong; Zhu, Dekang; Liu, Mafeng; Zhao, Xinxin et al. (2020-03-27). "Universal RNA Secondary Structure Insight Into Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus (MBFV) cis-Acting RNA Biology". Frontiers in Microbiology 11: 473. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00473. ISSN 1664-302X. PMID 32292394.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Clyde, Karen; Barrera, Julio; Harris, Eva (2008-09-01). "The capsid-coding region hairpin element (cHP) is a critical determinant of dengue virus and West Nile virus RNA synthesis" (in en). Virology 379 (2): 314–323. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.06.034. PMID 18676000.
- ↑ Lee, Eunhye; Bujalowski, Paul J.; Teramoto, Tadahisa; Gottipati, Keerthi; Scott, Seth D.; Padmanabhan, Radhakrishnan; Choi, Kyung H. (2021-05-05). "Structures of flavivirus RNA promoters suggest two binding modes with NS5 polymerase" (in en). Nature Communications 12 (1): 2530. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22846-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 33953197. Bibcode: 2021NatCo..12.2530L.
- ↑ Filomatori, C. V. (2006-08-15). "A 5' RNA element promotes dengue virus RNA synthesis on a circular genome" (in en). Genes & Development 20 (16): 2238–2249. doi:10.1101/gad.1444206. ISSN 0890-9369. PMID 16882970.
- ↑ Yu, Li; Nomaguchi, Masako; Padmanabhan, R.; Markoff, Lewis (2008-04-01). "Specific requirements for elements of the 5′ and 3′ terminal regions in flavivirus RNA synthesis and viral replication" (in en). Virology 374 (1): 170–185. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.035. PMID 18234265.
- ↑ Filomatori, Claudia V.; Iglesias, Nestor G.; Villordo, Sergio M.; Alvarez, Diego E.; Gamarnik, Andrea V. (2011-03-04). "RNA Sequences and Structures Required for the Recruitment and Activity of the Dengue Virus Polymerase" (in en). Journal of Biological Chemistry 286 (9): 6929–6939. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.162289. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 21183683.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Alvarez, Diego E.; Lodeiro, María F.; Ludueña, Silvio J.; Pietrasanta, Lía I.; Gamarnik, Andrea V. (2005-06-01). "Long-Range RNA-RNA Interactions Circularize the Dengue Virus Genome" (in en). Journal of Virology 79 (11): 6631–6643. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.11.6631-6643.2005. ISSN 0022-538X. PMID 15890901.
- ↑ Clyde, Karen; Harris, Eva (2006-03-01). "RNA Secondary Structure in the Coding Region of Dengue Virus Type 2 Directs Translation Start Codon Selection and Is Required for Viral Replication" (in en). Journal of Virology 80 (5): 2170–2182. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.5.2170-2182.2006. ISSN 0022-538X. PMID 16474125.
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