Biology:Felinae

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Short description: Subfamily of Felidae

Felinae[1]
Temporal range: Miocene–Holocene, 9–0 Ma
Felinae diversity.jpg
Clockwise, an ocelot, a European wildcat, a cougar and a cheetah
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Fischer von Waldheim, 1817
Type genus
Felis
Linnaeus, 1758
Genera

see Taxonomy

Felinae range.png
Native ranges of Felinae

Felinae is a subfamily of the Felidae and comprises the small cats having a bony hyoid, because of which they are able to purr but not roar.[2] Other authors have proposed an alternative definition for this subfamily, as comprising only the living conical-toothed cat genera with two tribes, the Felini and Pantherini, and excluding the extinct sabre-toothed Machairodontinae.[3][4]

Characteristics

The members of the Felinae have retractile claws that are protected by at least one cutaneous lobe. Their larynx is kept close to the base of the skull by an ossified hyoid.[5] They can purr owing to the vocal folds being shorter than 6 mm (0.24 in).[6][7] The cheetah Acinonyx does not have cutaneous sheaths for guarding claws.[8]

Taxonomy

The term 'Felini' was first used in 1817 by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim, at the time for all the cat species that had been proposed as belonging to the genus Felis.[9] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the following genera to the Felinae that had been proposed in the course of the 19th century: Lynx, Puma, Leptailurus, Prionailurus, Pardofelis, Leopardus, Herpailurus, Neofelis and four more.[5]

The Felinae and Pantherinae probably diverged about 11.5 million years ago. The genera within the Felinae diverged between 10.67 and 4.23 million years ago.[10][11]

Today, the following living genera and species are recognised as belonging to the Felinae:[2]

Genus Species Image of type species Range
Acinonyx Brookes, 1828[12] Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) on the road.jpg Africa and Southwestern Asia
Caracal Gray, 1843[14]
  • Caracal (C. caracal) (Schreber, 1776)[15]
  • African golden cat (C. aurata) (Temminck, 1827)[16]
 Caracl (01), Paris, décembre 2013.jpg Africa and Southwestern Asia
Catopuma Severtzov, 1858[17] Asian golden cat at Edinburgh Zoo.jpg Southeastern Asia
Felis Linnaeus, 1758[20] Jammlich crop.jpg
Herpailurus Severtzov, 1858[17]
  • Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)[27]
 Puma yagouaroundi.jpg Central and Southern America
Leopardus Gray, 1842[28] Ocelot (Jaguatirica) Zoo Itatiba.jpg Central and Southern America
Leptailurus Severtzov, 1858[17] Leptailurus serval -Serengeti National Park, Tanzania-8.jpg Africa
Lynx Kerr, 1792[37] Lynx.lynx-ZOO.Olomouc1.jpg Northern Hemisphere
Otocolobus Brandt, 1842[41] Manoel.jpg Central Asia
Pardofelis Severtzov, 1858[17] Marbled cat borneo.jpg Southeastern Asia
Prionailurus Severtzov, 1858[17] Close-up of a Leopard Cat in Sundarban.jpg Southeastern and Eastern Asia
Puma Jardine 1834[48] Cougar sitting.jpg Americas

Extinct taxa

Genus Species Image
Felis Felis lunensis
Acinonyx

Head appearance of Acinonyx pardinensis.jpg

Lynx
Puma

De vroeg-pleistocene sabeltandkat, Homotherium crenatidens (2008) Puma pardoides.png

Leopardus L. vorohuensis
Leptofelis Salesa et al., 2017 L. vallesiensis
Miracinonyx Adams, 1979[52]
  • M. inexpectatus
  • M. trumani
 Miracinonyx inexpectatus.jpg
Pratifelis Hibbard, 1934 P. martini
Pristifelis Salesa et al., 2012 P. attica
Sivapanthera Kretzoi, 1929[53]
  • S. arvernensis
  • S. brachygnathus
  • S. linxiaensis
  • S. padhriensis
  • S. pleistocaenicus
  • S. potens

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of Felinae are shown in the following cladogram:[54][55][2]

 Felinae 
 Felinae 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Domestic cat lineage
 Felis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Felis catus (domestic cat)202104 Cat.svg

 
 

Felis lybica (African wildcat) Felis caligata - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg

 
 
 

Felis bieti (Chinese mountain cat) VU IUCN 3 1.svg

 
 
 

Felis silvestris (European wildcat) Anatomie descriptive et comparative du chat (1845) Pl-I (white background & colourised).jpg

 
 
 

†Felis lunensis (Martelli's cat)

 
 
 

Felis margarita (Sand cat)

 
 
 

Felis nigripes (Black-footed cat) VU IUCN 3 1.svg

 
 
 

Felis chaus (Jungle cat) Felis chaus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background).jpg

 
 
 †Pristifelis 

†Pristifelis attica

 
 
 
Leopard cat lineage
 Prionailurus 
 
 
 

Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat) Felis torquata - 1834 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg

 
 

Prionailurus javanensis (Sunda leopard cat)

 
 

Prionailurus viverrinus (Fishing cat)

 
 
 

Prionailurus planiceps (Flat-headed cat) EN IUCN 3 1.svg

 
 
 

Prionailurus rubiginosus (Rusty-spotted cat)

 
 
 Otocolobus 

Otocolobus manul (Pallas's cat)

 
 
 
 
Puma lineage
 
 
 Puma 
 

Puma concolor (Cougar) Felis concolor - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg

 
 

†Puma pardoides (Eurasian puma) De vroeg-pleistocene sabeltandkat, Homotherium crenatidens (2008) Puma pardoides.png

 
 

†Puma pumoides

 
 
 †Miracinonyx 
 

†Miracinonyx inexpectatus

 
 

†Miracinonyx trumani

 
 
 
 Herpailurus 

Herpailurus yagouaroundi (Jaguarundi) Lydekker - Eyra White background.jpg

 
 
 
 Acinonyx 
 

Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah) Acinonyx jubatus (white background).jpg VU IUCN 3 1.svg

 
 

†Acinonyx pardinensis (Giant cheetah)

 
 

†Acinonyx aicha

 
 

†Acinonyx intermedius

 
 
 †Sivapanthera 
 

†Sivapanthera brachygnathus

 
 

†Sivapanthera pleistocaenicus

 
 

†Sivapanthera potens

 
 

†Sivapanthera linxiaensis

 
 

†Sivapanthera padhriensis

 
 

†Sivapanthera arvernensis

 
 
 
 
 
 Lynx 
Lynx lineage
 
 
 
 

Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx) Евразийская рысь.png

 
 

Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx) EN IUCN 3 1.svg

 
 
 

Lynx canadensis (Canada lynx)

 
 
 

Lynx rufus (Bobcat)

 
 
 

†Lynx issiodorensis (Issoire lynx)

 
 

†Lynx rexroadensis

 
 

†Lynx thomasi

 
 
 
 Leopardus 
Ocelot lineage
 
 

Leopardus pardalis (Ocelot) Felis pardalis - 1834 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background).jpg

 
 

Leopardus wiedii (Margay)

 
 
 
 
 

Leopardus tigrinus (Oncilla) VU IUCN 3 1.svg

 
 
 

Leopardus guigna (Kodkod) VU IUCN 3 1.svg

 
 
 

Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat)

 
 

Leopardus guttulus (Southern tiger cat) VU IUCN 3 1.svg

 
 
 
 
 
 

Leopardus colocolo (Pampas cat)

 
 

Leopardus jacobita (Andean mountain cat) EN IUCN 3 1.svg

 
 
 
 

†Leopardus vorohuensis

 
 
 
 
Caracal lineage
 Caracal 
 

Caracal caracal (Caracal) Felis caracal - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background).jpg

 
 

Caracal aurata (African golden cat) VU IUCN 3 1.svg

 
 
 Leptailurus 

Leptailurus serval (Serval) Felis serval - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg

 
 
 
 
Bay cat lineage
 Catopuma 
 

Catopuma badia (Bay cat) Chat Bai 1874.jpg EN IUCN 3 1.svg

 
 

Catopuma temminckii (Asian golden cat) Felis temmincki (AM LM338-4).jpg

 
 
 Pardofelis 

Pardofelis marmorata (Marbled cat) Pardofelis marmorata (white background).png

 
 
 †Pratifelis 

†Pratifelis martini

 
 †Leptofelis 

†Leptofelis vallesiensis

 
sensu stricto
 
 

 Pantherinae  General zoology, or Systematic natural history (Plate 82) (6302814666).jpg

 
 †Miopanthera 
 

†Miopanthera pamiri

 
 
 
sensu lato

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Felinae". in Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000004. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V. et al. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group". Cat News Special Issue 11: 11−63. https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  3. ↑ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". in Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J.. Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142. 
  4. ↑ Werdelin, L. (2013). "Subfamily Felinae − Cats". in Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T. et al.. Mammals of Africa. 5. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 144–210. ISBN 978-1-4081-2251-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=PARA4-PA148. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The classification of the existing Felidae". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 8 XX (119): 329–350. doi:10.1080/00222931709487018. https://archive.org/stream/annalsmagazineof8201917lond#page/338/mode/2up. 
  6. ↑ Hast, M. H. (1989). "The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats". Journal of Anatomy 163: 117–121. PMID 2606766. 
  7. ↑ Peters, G. (2002). "Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals". Mammal Review 32 (4): 245−271. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x. 
  8. ↑ Pocock, R. I. (1917). "VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8 19 (109): 113−136. doi:10.1080/00222931709486916. https://archive.org/details/ser8annalsmagazi19londuoft/page/112. 
  9. ↑ Fischer, G. (1817). "Adversaria Zoologica. Fasciculus primus. Quaedam ad Mammalium systema et genera illustranda". Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 5: 357−446. https://archive.org/details/miresdelasociimp05mosk7/page/n383. 
  10. ↑ Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science 311 (5757): 73–77. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. Bibcode: 2006Sci...311...73J. https://zenodo.org/record/1230866. 
  11. ↑ Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research 26 (1): 1−11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMID 26518481. 
  12. ↑ Brookes, J. (1828). "Section Carnivora". A catalogue of the Anatomical and Zoological Museum of Joshua Brookes. London: Richard Taylor. pp. 16. https://archive.org/details/b22475886/page/16. 
  13. ↑ Schreber, J. C. D. (1777). "Der Gepard". Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (Dritter Theil). Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 392–393. https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/schreber1875textbd3/0112/image. 
  14. ↑ Gray, J. E. (1843). "Felidae". List of the specimens of Mammalia in the British Museum. London: The British Museum. pp. 39–46. https://archive.org/details/listofspecimenso00brit_0/page/150. 
  15. ↑ Schreber, J. C. D. (1777). "Der Karakal". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 413–414. https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/413/mode/1up. 
  16. ↑ Temminck, C. J. (1827). "Félis doré Felis aurata". Monographies de Mammalogie. Paris: G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne. pp. 120−121. https://archive.org/details/monographiedema00temm/page/120. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Severtzow, M. N. (1858). "Notice sur la classification multisériale des Carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent". Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée X: 385–396. https://archive.org/stream/revueetmagasinde10soci#page/386/mode/2up. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Vigors, N. A.; Horsfield, T. (1827). "Descriptions of two species of the genus Felis, in the collections of the Zoological Society". The Zoological Journal III (11): 449–451. https://archive.org/details/zoologicaljourna318271828sowe/page/450. 
  19. ↑ Gray, J. E. (1874). "Description of a new Species of Cat (Felis badia) from Sarawak". Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1874: 322–323. https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen74zool#page/322/mode/2up. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis" (in la). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. pp. 42–44. https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865/page/42. 
  21. ↑ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Die wilde Kaze". Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (Dritter Theil). Erlangen: Expedition des Schreber'schen Säugthier- und des Esper'schen Schmetterlingswerkes. pp. 397–402. http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/schreber1875textbd3/0095?page_query=397&navmode=struct&action=pagesearch&sid=cc4bffe3d0372c2d2c5c1ddb03aed21d. 
  22. ↑ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Der Kirmyschak". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 414–416. https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/414/mode/2up. 
  23. ↑ Forster, G. R. (1780). "LIII. Der Karakal". Herrn von Büffons Naturgeschichte der vierfüssigen Thiere. Mit Vermehrungen, aus dem Französischen übersetzt. Sechster Band. Berlin: Joachim Pauli. pp. 299–319. https://books.google.com/books?id=qohRAAAAYAAJ&pg=SL26-PA13. 
  24. ↑ Burchell, W. J. (1824). "Felis nigripes". Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, Vol. II. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 592. https://books.google.com/books?id=AGpdAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA592. 
  25. ↑ Loche, V. (1858). "Description d'une nouvelle espèce de Chat par M. le capitaine Loche". Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée. 2 X: 49–50. https://archive.org/stream/revueetmagasinde10soci#page/49/mode/1up. 
  26. ↑ Milne-Edwards, A. (1892). "Observations sur les mammifères du Thibet". Revue Générale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées III: 670–671. https://archive.org/stream/bulletinbiologiq03univ#page/670/mode/2up. 
  27. ↑ Geoffroy St. Hilaire, É. (1803). "Le Chat Yagouarundi Felis yagouarundi". Catalogue des Mammifères du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris, France: Museum National d'histoire naturelle. pp. 124. https://books.google.com/books?id=951AAAAAcAAJ. 
  28. ↑ Gray, J. E. (1842). "Descriptions of some new genera and fifty unrecorded species of Mammalia". Annals and Magazine of Natural History 10 (65): 255−267. doi:10.1080/03745484209445232. https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof10lond/page/260. 
  29. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis pardalis". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. I (Tenth ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 42. https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up. 
  30. ↑ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Die Maragua". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 396–397. https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/396/mode/1up. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Molina, G. I. (1782). "La Guigna Felis guigna". Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chilli. Bologna: Stamperia di S. Tommaso d’Aquino. p. 295. http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=192&Pagina=296. 
  32. ↑ Schinz, H. R. (1821). "Wiedische Katze Felis wiedii". Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere: als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier. Säugethiere und Vögel, Volume 1. Stuttgart, Tübingen: Cotta. pp. 235–236. https://books.google.com/books?id=D3o-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA235. 
  33. ↑ D'Orbigny, A.; Gervais, P. (1844). "Mammalogie: Nouvelle espèce de Felis". Extraits des Procès-verbaux des Séances 9: 40−41. https://archive.org/details/extraitsdesproc79184244soci/page/40. 
  34. ↑ Cornalia, E. (1865). "Descrizione di una nuova specie del genere Felis. Felis jacobita (Corn.)". Memorie della Societá Italiana di Scienze Naturali 1: 3−9. https://archive.org/details/memoriedella118651866mila/page/n11. 
  35. ↑ Hensel, R. (1872). "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Säugethiere Süd-Brasiliens". Physikalische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1873): 1−130. https://archive.org/details/abhandlungenderk1872deut/page/n152. 
  36. ↑ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Der Serval". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/406/mode/2up. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Kerr, R. (1792). "F. Lynx canadensis". The Animal Kingdom or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class I. Mammalia. Edinburgh & London: A. Strahan & T. Cadell. p. 157−158. https://archive.org/details/animalkingdomorz00linn/page/157. 
  38. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis lynx". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 43. https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/43/mode/2up. 
  39. ↑ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Der Rotluchs". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 442–443. https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/412/mode/1up. 
  40. ↑ Temminck, C. J. (1827). "Felis pardina". Monographies de mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de mammifères, dont les espèces ont été observées dans les différens musées de l'Europe. Vol. 1. Leiden: C. C. Vander Hoek. pp. 116−117. https://archive.org/details/monographiedema00temm/page/116. 
  41. ↑ Brandt J. F. (1842). "Observations sur le manoul (Felis manul Pallas)". Bulletin Scientifique. Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg 9: 37–39. 
  42. ↑ Pallas, P. S. (1776). "Felis manul". Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs in einem ausführlichen Auszuge. Volume 3. Frankfurt und Leipzig: J. G. Fleischer. p. 490. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya8UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA490. 
  43. ↑ Martin, W. C. (1836). "Description of a new species of Felis". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London IV (XLVII): 107–108. https://archive.org/stream/lietuvostsrmoksl33liet#page/n664/mode/1up. 
  44. ↑ Kerr, R. (1792). "Bengal Tiger-Cat Felis bengalensis". The Animal Kingdom or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class I. Mammalia. Edinburgh & London: A. Strahan & T. Cadell. pp. 151–152. https://archive.org/details/animalkingdomorz00linn/page/151. 
  45. ↑ Desmarest, A. G. (1816). "Le Chat de Java, Felis javanensis Nob.". in Société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs. Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine. Tome 6. Paris: Chez Deterville. p. 115. https://archive.org/download/nouveaudictionna06metc/page/n130_w411. 
  46. ↑ Bennett, E. T. (1833). "Felis viverrinus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Part I: 68–69. http://www.archive.org/stream/lietuvostsrmoksl33liet#page/n81/mode/2up. 
  47. ↑ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. (1831). "Le Chat à Taches de Rouille, Felis rubiginosa (Nob.)l". in Bélanger, C.; Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I.. Voyage aux Indes-Orientales par le nord de l'Europe, les provinces du Caucases, la Géorgie, l'Arménie et la Perse, suivi des détails topographiques, statistiques et autre sur le Pégou, les Iles de Jave, de Maurice et de Bourbon, sur le Cap-de-bonne-Espérance et Sainte-Hélène, pendant les années 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828 et 1829. Tome 3: Zoologie. Paris: Arthus Bertrand. pp. 140−144. https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10469043_00182.htm. 
  48. ↑ Jardine, W. (1834). "Genus II. Puma". Naturalists' library, Mammalia, volume 2. Edinburgh: Lizars, Stirling and Kenney. pp. 266–267. https://archive.org/details/naturalistslibra16jardrich/page/266. 
  49. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1771). "Felis concolor". Mantissa plantarum altera. Generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II. Regni animalis appendix. Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 522. https://archive.org/details/CarLinneMantiss00Linn/page/522. 
  50. ↑ Stephens, J. J. (1959). "A new Pliocene cat from Kansas". Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters (44): 41–46. 
  51. ↑ Werdelin, L. (1981). "The evolution of lynxes". Annales Zoologici Fennici (18): 37–71. http://catsg.org/iberianlynx/04_library/4_3_publications/W/Werdelin_1981_Evolution_of_lynxes.pdf. 
  52. ↑ Adams, D. B. (1979). "The Cheetah: Native American". Science 205 (4411): 1155–1158. doi:10.1126/science.205.4411.1155. PMID 17735054. Bibcode: 1979Sci...205.1155A. 
  53. ↑ Kretzoi, M. (1929). "Materialien zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Ailuroïden". in Csiki, E.. Xe Congrès international de zoologie, tenu à Budapest du 4 au 10 septembre 1927. Volume 2. Budapest: Imprimerie Stephaneus. pp. 1293−1355. 
  54. ↑ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". in Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J.. Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142. 
  55. ↑ Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". in Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000001. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q42602 entry



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