Biology:Dissorophidae

From HandWiki
Short description: Extinct family of amphibians

Dissorophidae
Temporal range: Late Carboniferous–Middle Permian, 301–270 Ma
Cacops Field Museum.jpg
Skeleton of Cacops in the Field Museum
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: †Temnospondyli
Clade: †Olsoniformes
Family: †Dissorophidae
Boulenger, 1902
Subgroups

See text.

Synonyms
  • Aspidosauridae
  • Otocoelidae
  • Stegopidae

Dissorophidae is an extinct family of medium-sized, temnospondyl amphibians that flourished during the late Carboniferous and early Permian periods. The clade is known almost exclusively from North America.

History of study

Dissorophidae is a diverse clade that was named in 1902 by George A. Boulenger. Junior synonyms include Otocoelidae, Stegopidae, and Aspidosauridae.[1] Early in the study of dissorophoids when the relationships of different taxa were not well-resolved and most taxa had not been described, Dissorophidae sometimes came to include taxa that are now not regarded as dissorophids and may have excluded earlier described taxa that are now regarded as dissorophids. Amphibamiforms were widely regarded as small-bodied dissorophids,[2] and at one point, Dissorophidae was also suggested to also include Trematopidae.[3]

19th century

In 1895, American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope named Dissorophus from the early Permian of Texas. This was the first dissorophid to be described as such, although Parioxys, named by Cope in 1878, and Zygosaurus, named by the Russian paleontologist Karl von Eichwald in 1848, have also been regarded as dissorophids. A second species of Dissorophus as well as both species of the genus Otocoelus that were all named in 1896 by Cope in two papers are now regarded as junior synonyms of the type species of Dissorophus, D. multicinctus.

20th century

The early 20th century saw a large expansion in the study of dissorophids. In 1904, German paleontologist Ferdinand Broili named the first species of Aspidosaurus, A. chiton, from the early Permian of Texas. Additional species of Aspidosaurus were named shortly thereafter, including Aspidosaurus glascocki from the early Permian of Texas and Aspidosaurus novomexicanus from the late Carboniferous of New Mexico. A third species, "Aspidosaurus crucifer" described by American paleontologist E.C. Case is now regarded as an indeterminate aspidosaurine. In 1910, two of the best-known dissorophid genera were named: Cacops aspidephorus[4] and Platyhystrix (as a species of Ctenosaurus;[5] proper name erected in 1911). Case also provided new information on Dissorophus in 1910.[6] In 1911, Case named Alegeinosaurus aphthitos from the early Permian of Texas.[7] In 1914, Samuel W. Williston described the first species of Broiliellus, B. texensis.[8] Additional information on Parioxys ferricolus was provided in two studies by Egyptian paleontologist Y.S. Moustafa in 1955.[9][10]

The 1960s were a particular productive time for dissorophid research. In two separate papers published in 1964, Canadian paleontologist Robert L. Carroll named four new taxa: Brevidorsum profundum, Broiliellus brevis, and Parioxys bolli from the early Permian of Texas and Conjunctio multidens from the early Permian of New Mexico.[11][12] Conjunctio was named from a specimen originally referred to Aspidosaurus novomexicanus by Case et al. (1913)[13] that was also placed in Broiliellus by American paleontologist Wann Langston in 1953[14] before being divided again by Carroll. In 1965, American paleontologist E.C. Olson described the first and only middle Permian dissorophid from North America, Fayella chickashaensis, on the basis of an isolated braincase and isolated fragments. A large postcranial skeleton from a different locality was referred to this taxon by Olson in 1972. In 1966, American paleontologist Robert E. DeMar named a new taxon, "Longiscitula houghae" from the early Permian of Texas;[15] this is now regarded as a junior synonym of Dissorophus multicinctus by British paleontologist Andrew Milner.[16] DeMar also provided the first synthesis of the morphological diversity and possible function of dissorophid osteoderms in 1966[17] and named two new species of Broiliellus in 1967, B. arroyoensis and B. olsoni,[18] and completed a detailed revision of D. multicinctus in 1968.[19]

In 1971, American paleontologist Peter Vaughn described one of the few dissorophids outside of New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma, Astreptorhachis ohioensis from the late Carboniferous of Ohio, represented by a series of fused neural spines and osteoderms.[20] American paleontologist John Bolt published a survey of dissorophid osteoderms in 1974 with an emphasis on taxonomic utility and differentiation and reports of material from the early Permian Richards Spur locality in Oklahoma;[21] in 1977, Bolt reported Cacops from the locality.[22] In 1980, Russian paleontologist Yuri Gubin described two new middle Permian dissorophids from Russia: Iratusaurus vorax and Kamacops acervalis.[23] The most complete cranial material of Platyhystrix rugosus was described in 1981 by a team led by American paleontologist David Berman.[24] Additional postcranial material of Platyhystrix, primarily the characteristic hyperelongate spines, was also periodically reported.[25][26][27] The revision of Ecolsonia cutlerensis in 1985 by Berman and colleagues placed the taxon as a dissorophid, but this taxon is more often recovered as a trematopid.[28] In 1999, Chinese paleontologists Li Jinling and Cheng Zhengwu described the first and only dissorophid from eastern Asia, the middle Permian Anakamacops petrolicus from China.[29]

21st century

In 2003, American paleontologists Berman and Spencer G. Lucas named a new species of Aspidosaurus from Texas, A. binasser.[30] Two papers on the osteoderm biomechanics of Cacops aspidephorus and Dissorophus multicinctus, led by Canadian paleontologist David Dilkes, were published in 2007 and 2009.[31][32] In 2009, a team led by Canadian paleontologist Robert Reisz described a new species of Cacops, C. morrisi, from the Richards Spur locality;[33] additional material of this taxon was described in 2018 by American paleontologist Bryan M. Gee and Reisz.[34] A second species from the locality was described in 2012 by German paleontologist Nadia B. Fröbisch and Reisz, C. woehri;[35] additional material of Cacops woehri was described in 2015 by a team led by Fröbisch.[36] A team led by German paleontologist Florian Witzmann published a comparative histology study that sampled a number of dissorophids in 2010.[37] May et al. (2011) described material of Aspidosaurus from the late Carboniferous of the mid-continent of North America.[38] The first phylogenetic review of the Dissorophidae was published in 2012 by Schoch.[39] In 2013, three new dissorophids were named in a festschrift dedicated to Reisz in Comptes Rendus Palévol: Broiliellus reiszi from the early Permian of New Mexico in a study led by Canadian paleontologist Robert Holmes;[40] Scapanops neglecta from the early Permian of Texas in a study by German paleontologists Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues, re-evaluating a specimen historically referred to as the Admiral Taxon;[41] and Reiszerpeton renascentis from the early Permian of Texas in a review of material referred to the amphibamiform Tersomius texensis by a team led by Canadian paleontologist Hillary C. Maddin.[42] In 2018, Chinese paleontologist Liu Jun provided an updated osteology of Anakamacops based on substantially more complete material and erected the tribe Kamacopini to group the middle Permian dissorophids from Eurasia.[43] Two separate studies led by Gee were also published that year, one reappraising the early Permian Alegeinosaurus aphthitos from Texas, which he suggested to be a junior synonym of Aspidosaurus,[44] and another reappraising the middle Permian Fayella chickashaensis from Oklahoma, in which the authors determined that the holotype was a nomen dubium but that the referred specimen was sufficiently distinct to warrant erecting a new taxon, Nooxobeia gracilis.[45] Also in 2018, Gee and Reisz reported postcrania of a large indeterminate dissorophid from Richards Spur,[46] which was followed by another study the following year by a team led by Gee that reported extensive new material from several dissorophids from Richards Spur, including the first documentation of Aspidosaurus and Dissorophus from the locality.[47]

Anatomy

Dissorophids are most readily recognized for their distinctive osteoderms, although these are not unique to either dissorophids among temnospondyls or to temnospondyls among early tetrapods. It is also debated whether Platyhystrix has true osteoderms or simply ornamented neural spines with similar morphology to the ornamentation of osteoderms in other taxa. There is also great variability in the osteoderms, both in the number of series and in the overall proportions and anatomy. Dissorophines like Dissorophus typically possess wide osteoderms in contrast to eucacopines like Cacops.[32] Both groups have two series of osteoderms that are relatively flat, in contrast to aspidosaurines, which purportedly a single series that is dorsally keeled to form an inverted-V morphology; it has been suggested, based on CT data, that at least some aspidosaurines may actually have two series of osteoderms but that one is largely obscured.[47] Although osteoderm morphology has been shown to not exert a discernible influence on dissorophid phylogeny,[39] osteoderms remain a major hallmark used to differentiate major clades within Dissorophidae and remain useful for establishing the monophyly of the group within Dissorophoidea. Schoch & Milner (2014) list several features that diagnose dissorophids, but most of these are only useful for differentiating the clade from the closely related trematopids, and some are outdated in light of newer research: (1) maxillary tooth row terminating at or anterior to the posterior orbital margin; (2) basipterygoid region firmly sutured; (3) no prefrontal-postfrontal contact; (4) absence of denticles on the basal plate of the parasphenoid; (5) no pterygoid-vomer contact; (6) short postorbital; (7) long and parallel-sided choana; and (8) absence of a supinator process.[1]

Aspidosaurines and platyhystricines are represented largely by postcranial material, and thus features such as osteoderms are some of the only differentiators for these taxa, but dissorophines and eucacopiens also have many cranial differences, such as the relative proportions of the skull. Most dissorophids are medium-sized, being intermediate between the small amphibamiforms and the larger trematopids, but Dissorophidae includes the largest known dissorophoids, all from the middle Permian of Eurasia, with skull lengths exceeding 30 cm.

Fossil range

Below is a timeline of the known fossil ranges of dissorophids.[48]

<timeline> ImageSize = width:700px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px

Period = from:-310 till:-251 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-310 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:5 start:-310 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify

Colors = 

#legends
 id:CAR	  value:claret
 id:ANK 	 value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
 id:HER	  value:teal
 id:HAD	  value:green
 id:OMN	  value:blue
 id:black        value:black
 id:white        value:white
 id:paleozoic     value:rgb(0.6,0.75,0.55)
 id:carboniferous   value:rgb(0.4,0.65,0.6)
 id:permian   value:rgb(0.94,0.25,0.24)

BarData= 

bar:eratop
bar:space
bar:periodtop
bar:space
bar:NAM1
bar:NAM2
bar:NAM3
bar:NAM4
bar:NAM5
bar:NAM6
bar:NAM7
bar:NAM8
bar:NAM9
bar:NAM10
bar:NAM11
bar:NAM12
bar:NAM13
bar:NAM14
bar:NAM15
bar:NAM16
bar:NAM17
bar:NAM18
bar:NAM19
bar:NAM20
bar:NAM21
bar:NAM22
bar:NAM23
bar:NAM24

bar:space
bar:period
bar:space
bar:era

PlotData= 

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 
shift:(7,-4)
 
bar:periodtop
from: -310    till: -299   color:carboniferous    text:Carboniferous
from: -299    till: -251   color:permian    text:Permian

bar:eratop
from:  -310   till:  -251    color:paleozoic    text:Paleozoic Era

PlotData= 

align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

color:carboniferous bar:NAM1 from:-308    till:-303.9 text:Astreptorhachis ohioensis
color:carboniferous bar:NAM2 from:-302.3    till:-302 text:cf. Platyhystrix
color:carboniferous bar:NAM3 from:-301    till:-300.7 text:cf. Aspidosaurus
color:carboniferous bar:NAM4 from:-301    till:-297.5 text:Platyhystrix rugosus
color:carboniferous bar:NAM5 from:-300    till:-298 text:Aspidosaurus novomexicanus
color:permian bar:NAM6 from:-294.6    till:-277 text:Aspidosaurus sp.
color:permian bar:NAM7 from:-294    till:-290.7 text:Brevidorsum profundum
color:permian bar:NAM8 from:-293    till:-278.5 text:Conjunctio multidens
color:permian bar:NAM9 from:-290.3    till:-284.7 text:Broiliellus brevis
color:permian bar:NAM10 from:-290.3    till:-284.7 text:Dissorophus angustus
color:permian bar:NAM11 from:-278.7    till:-277.2 text:Conjunctio sp.
color:permian bar:NAM12 from:-277.1    till:-275.9 text:Broiliellus texensis
color:permian bar:NAM13 from:-274    till:-272.5 text:Aspidosaurus chiton
color:permian bar:NAM14 from:-274    till:-272.5 text:Aspidosaurus binasser
color:permian bar:NAM15 from:-274    till:-272.5 text:Broiliellus arroyoensis
color:permian bar:NAM16 from:-274    till:-272.5 text:Dissorophus multicinctus
color:permian bar:NAM17 from:-274    till:-271 text:Cacops morrisi
color:permian bar:NAM18 from:-272.5    till:-270.9 text:Cacops aspidephorus
color:permian bar:NAM19 from:-270.9    till:-269.9 text:Nooxobeia gracilis
color:permian bar:NAM20 from:-269.8    till:-268 text:Anakamacops petrolicus
color:permian bar:NAM21 from:-269.8    till:-268 text:Iratusaurus vorax
color:permian bar:NAM22 from:-269.8    till:-268 text:Kamacops acervalis
color:permian bar:NAM23 from:-269.8    till:-268 text:Zygosaurus lucius

PlotData= 

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 
 
bar:period
from: -310    till: -299   color:carboniferous    text:Carboniferous
from: -299    till: -251   color:permian    text:Permian

bar:era
from:  -310   till:  -251    color:paleozoic    text:Paleozoic Era

</timeline>

Relationships

Four subfamilies comprise the various dissorophids. Eucacopine (sensu Schoch & Sues, 2013) was traditionally referred to as Cacopinae and includes Cacops and the middle Permian Eurasian taxa (Anakamacops, Iratusaurus, Kamacops, Zygosaurus).[41][43] Dissorophinae[4] includes Dissorophus and all four species of Broiliellus. These are the two most widely utilized distinctions within Dissorophidae, although Aspidosaurinae[8] (which includes only Aspidosaurus and indeterminate Aspidosaurus-like material) was recently revived along with the erection of the new Platyhystricinae (Platyhystrix and Astreptorhachis).[1] The placement of some more poorly known (Brevidorsum) or anatomically distinct (Scapanops) taxa is less resolved.

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram from Schoch (2012):[49]

Dissorophoidea
Micromelerpetontidae
 

Micromelerpeton

 
 
 
Amphibamidae
 

Platyrhinops

 
 

Doleserpeton

 
 
Olsoniformes
Trematopidae
 

Ecolsonia

 
 

Fedexia

 
 
 

Tambachia

 
 

Anconastes

 
 
 

Phonerpeton

 
 

Acheloma

 
 
 
 
Dissorophidae
 

Platyhystrix

 
 
 

Aspidosaurus

 
 
 

Conjunctio

 
Dissorophinae
 

Dissorophus

 
 

Broiliellus texensis

 
 

Broiliellus brevis

 
 

Broiliellus olsoni

 
 
Eucacopinae
 

Brevidorsum

 
 
 

Admiral taxon (Scapanops)

 
 

Rio Arriba taxon (Conjunctio)

 
 
 

Cacops morrisi

 
 

Cacops aspidephorus

 
 
 

Kamacops

 
 

Zygosaurus

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Schoch, Rainer R.; Milner, Andrew R. (2014). Sues, Hans-Sues. ed. Temnospondyli I - Handbook of Paleoherpetology Part 3A2. Stuttgart: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. ISBN 978-3899371703. 
  2. ↑ Bolt, John R. (1979). "Amphibamus grandiceps as a juvenile dissorophid: evidence and implications". in Nitecki, Matthew H.. Mazon Creek Fossils. Elsevier. pp. 529–563. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-519650-5.50025-4. ISBN 978-0-12-519650-5. 
  3. ↑ Eaton, Theodore Hildreth (1973). "A Pennsylvanian dissorophid amphibian from Kansas". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 14: 1–8. OCLC 1068422466. https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_53578_apennsylvaniandissorophidamphi1973/page/n1/mode/2up. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Williston, Samuel W. (1910). "Cacops, Desmospondylus; new genera of Permian vertebrates". Geological Society of America Bulletin 21 (1): 249–284. doi:10.1130/gsab-21-249. Bibcode: 1910GSAB...21..249W. https://zenodo.org/record/1448377. 
  5. ↑ Case, Ermine C. (1910). "New or little known reptiles and amphibians from the Permian (?) of Texas." (in en-US). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 28. 
  6. ↑ Williston, S. W. (1910). "Dissorophus Cope". The Journal of Geology 18 (6): 526–536. doi:10.1086/621768. Bibcode: 1910JG.....18..526W. https://zenodo.org/record/1431451. 
  7. ↑ Case, E. C. (1911). Revision of the Amphibia and Pisces of the Permian of North America. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.56586. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Williston, Samuel Wendell (1914). Broiliellus, a new genus of amphibians from the Permian of Texas.. OCLC 48691023. 
  9. ↑ Moustafa, Y.S. (1955). "The affinities of Parioxys ferricolus and the phylogeny of the 'eryopsoid'amphibians". Bulletin of the Institute of Egypt 36: 77–104. 
  10. ↑ Moustafa, Y.S. (1955). "The skeletal structure of Parioxys ferricolus, Cope". Institute of Egypt Bulletin 36: 41–76. 
  11. ↑ Carroll, Robert L. (Robert Lynn) (1964). Early evolution of the dissorophid amphibians.. The Museum. OCLC 4425765. 
  12. ↑ Carroll, Robert L. (1964). The relationships of the rhachitomous amphibian Parioxys. American Museum of Natural History. OCLC 39631132. 
  13. ↑ Case, E. C.; Mehl, Maurice Goldsmith; Williston, Samuel Wendell (1913). Permo-Carboniferous vertebrates from New Mexico. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.57718. 
  14. ↑ Langston, Wann Jr. (1966). Permian amphibians from New Mexico. Johnson Reprint. OCLC 663890737. 
  15. ↑ DeMar, Robert Eugene (1966). Longiscitula houghae a new genus of dissorophid amphibian from the Permian of Texas. Field Museum of Natural History. OCLC 670096348. 
  16. ↑ Milner, Andrew R. (2003-12-24). "Longiscitula houghae DeMar, 1966 (Amphibia: Temnospondyli), a junior synonym of Dissorophus multicinctus Cope, 1895". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (4): 941–944. doi:10.1671/18. 
  17. ↑ DeMar, Robert E. (1966). "The functional and phylogenetic significance of the armor of dissorophid amphibians". Fieldiana: Geology 16: 55–88. 
  18. ↑ DeMar, Robert E. (1967). Two new species of Broiliellus (Amphibians) from the Permian of Texas.. Field Museum of Natural History. OCLC 299717327. 
  19. ↑ DeMar, Robert E. (1968). "The Permian labyrinthodont amphibian Dissorophus multicinctus, and adaptations and phylogeny of the family Dissorophidae". Journal of Paleontology 42 (5): 1210–1242. 
  20. ↑ Vaughn, Peter Paul (1971). "A Platyhystrix-like amphibian with fused vertebrae, from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Ohio". Journal of Paleontology 45 (3): 464–469. 
  21. ↑ Bolt, John R. (1974). Osteology, function, and evolution of the Trematopsid (Amphibia: Labyrinthodontia) nasal region. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5329. 
  22. ↑ Bolt, John R. (1977). Cacops (Amphibia: Labyrinthodontia) from the Fort Sill locality, lower Permian of Oklahoma. OCLC 251637151. 
  23. ↑ Gubin, Yuri M. (1980). "New Permian dissorophids of the Ural forelands". Paleontological Journal 1980: 82–90. 
  24. ↑ Berman, David S.; Reisz, Robert R.; Fracasso, Michael A. (1981). "Skull of the Lower Permian dissorophid amphibian Platyhystrix rugosus". Annals of Carnegie Museum 50: 391–416. doi:10.5962/p.214500. 
  25. ↑ Lewis, G.E.; Vaughn, P.P.; Baird, Donald (1965). "Early Permian vertebrates from the Culter Formation of the Placerville area, Colorado, with a section on footprints from the Cutler Formation". Professional Paper. doi:10.3133/pp503c. ISSN 2330-7102. 
  26. ↑ Vaughn, Peter Paul (1963). "The Age and Locality of the Late Paleozoic Vertebrates from El Cobre Canyon, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico". Journal of Paleontology 37 (1): 283–286. ISSN 0022-3360. 
  27. ↑ Foreman, B.C.; Martin, L.D. (1989). "A review of Paleozoic tetrapod localities of Kansas and Nebraska". Kansas Geological Survey Guidebook. Series 6 1989: 133–145. 
  28. ↑ Berman, David S.; Reisz, Robert R.; Eberth, David E. (1985). "Ecolsonia cutlerensis, an Early Permian dissorophid amphibian from the Cutler Formation of north-central New Mexico". New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Circular 1985: 1–31. 
  29. ↑ Li, Jinling; Cheng, Zhengwu (1999). "New anthracosaur and temnospondyl amphibians from Gansu, China--The fifth report on Late Permian Dashankou Lower Tetrapod Fauna". Vertebrata PalAsiatica 37 (3): 234–247. 
  30. ↑ Berman, David S.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2003). "Aspidosaurus binasser (Amphibia, Temnospondyli), a new species of Dissorophidae from the Lower Permian of Texas". Annals of Carnegie Museum 72 (4): 241–262. doi:10.5962/p.215092. 
  31. ↑ Dilkes, D.; Brown, L. E. (2006-09-08). "Biomechanics of the vertebrae and associated osteoderms of the Early Permian amphibian Cacops aspidephorus". Journal of Zoology 271 (4): 396–407. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00221.x. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Dilkes, David W. (2009-12-12). "Comparison and biomechanical interpretations of the vertebrae and osteoderms of Cacops aspidephorus and Dissorophus multicinctus (Temnospondyli, Dissorophidae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (4): 1013–1021. doi:10.1671/039.029.0410. 
  33. ↑ Reisz, Robert R.; Schoch, Rainer R.; Anderson, Jason S. (2009-04-04). "The armoured dissorophid Cacops from the Early Permian of Oklahoma and the exploitation of the terrestrial realm by amphibians". Naturwissenschaften 96 (7): 789–796. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0533-x. PMID 19347261. Bibcode: 2009NW.....96..789R. 
  34. ↑ Gee, Bryan M.; Reisz, Robert R. (2018-03-04). "Cranial and postcranial anatomy of Cacops morrisi, a eucacopine dissorophid from the early Permian of Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38 (2): e1433186. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1433186. 
  35. ↑ Fröbisch, Nadia B.; Reisz, Robert R. (2012). "A new species of dissorophid (Cacops woehri) from the Lower Permian Dolese Quarry, near Richards Spur, Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.633586. 
  36. ↑ Fröbisch, N. B.; Brar, A.; Reisz, R. R. (2015-01-27). "New specimen of Cacops woehri indicates differences in the ontogenetic trajectories among cacopine dissorophids". Fossil Record 18 (1): 73–80. doi:10.5194/fr-18-73-2015. 
  37. ↑ Witzmann, Florian; Soler-Gijón, Rodrigo (2010). "The bone histology of osteoderms in temnospondyl amphibians and in the chroniosuchian Bystrowiella". Acta Zoologica 91 (1): 96–114. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00385.x. 
  38. ↑ May, William; Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Pardo, Jason D.; Benca, Jeff; Small, Bryan J. (2011). "New Upper Pennsylvanian armored dissorophid records (Temnospondyli, Dissorophoidea) from the U.S. midcontinent and the stratigraphic distributions of dissorophids". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (4): 907–912. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.582532. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Schoch, R. R. (2012-08-01). "Character distribution and phylogeny of the dissorophid temnospondyls". Fossil Record 15 (2): 121–137. doi:10.5194/fr-15-121-2012. 
  40. ↑ Holmes, Robert; Berman, David S.; Anderson, Jason S. (2013). "A new dissorophid (Temnospondyli, Dissorophoidea) from the Early Permian of New Mexico (United States)". Comptes Rendus Palevol 12 (7–8): 419–435. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2013.07.002. ISSN 1631-0683. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Schoch, Rainer R.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (2013). "A new dissorophid temnospondyl from the Lower Permian of north-central Texas". Comptes Rendus Palevol 12 (7–8): 437–445. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2013.04.002. 
  42. ↑ Maddin, Hillary C.; Fröbisch, Nadia B.; Evans, David C.; Milner, Andrew R. (2013). "Reappraisal of the Early Permian amphibamid Tersomius texensis and some referred material". Comptes Rendus Palevol 12 (7–8): 447–461. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2013.06.007. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Liu, Jun (2018-09-03). "Osteology of the large dissorophid temnospondyl Anakamacops petrolicus from the Guadalupian Dashankou Fauna of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38 (5): e1513407. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1513407. 
  44. ↑ Gee, Bryan M. (2018-06-12). "Reappraisal of the early Permian dissorophid Alegeinosaurus from Texas, USA". PalZ 92 (4): 661–669. doi:10.1007/s12542-018-0421-9. 
  45. ↑ Gee, Bryan M.; Scott, Diane; Reisz, Robert R. (2018). "Reappraisal of the Permian dissorophid Fayella chickashaensis". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55 (10): 1103–1114. doi:10.1139/cjes-2018-0053. Bibcode: 2018CaJES..55.1103G. 
  46. ↑ Gee, Bryan M.; Reisz, Robert R. (2018-03-22). "Postcrania of large dissorophid temnospondyls from Richards Spur, Oklahoma". Fossil Record 21 (1): 79–91. doi:10.5194/fr-21-79-2018. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Gee, Bryan M.; Bevitt, Joseph J.; Reisz, Robert R. (2019). "Dissorophid diversity at the early Permian cave system near Richards Spur, Oklahoma, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica 22 (2). doi:10.26879/976. 
  48. ↑ May, W.; Huttenlocker, A.K.; Pardoc, J.D.; Bencab, J.; Small, B.J. (2011). "New Upper Pennsylvanian armored dissorophid records (Temnospondyli, Dissorophoidea) from the U.S. midcontinent and the stratigraphic distributions of dissorophids". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (4): 907–912. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.582532. 
  49. ↑ Schoch, R. R. (2012). "Character distribution and phylogeny of the dissorophid temnospondyls". Fossil Record 15 (2): 121–137. doi:10.1002/mmng.201200010. 

Wikidata ☰ Q2463801 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Dissorophidae&oldid=3582323"