Biology:Cramauchenia

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Short description: Extinct genus of litoptern South American ungulate

Cramauchenia
Temporal range: Late Oligocene-Early Miocene (Deseadan-Colhuehuapian)
~29.0–17.5 Ma
Cramauchenia insolita.jpg
Skull of Cramauchenia normalis in the Field Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Litopterna
Family: Macraucheniidae
Subfamily: Cramaucheniinae
Genus: Cramauchenia
Ameghino, 1902
Species:
C. normalis
Binomial name
Cramauchenia normalis
Ameghino, 1902
Synonyms
  • C. insolita

Cramauchenia is an extinct genus of litoptern South American ungulate. Cramauchenia was named by Florentino Ameghino.[1] The name has no literal translation. Instead, it is an anagram of the name of a related genus Macrauchenia. This genus was initially discovered in the Sarmiento Formation in the Chubut Province, in Argentina , and later it was found in the Chichinales Formation in the Río Negro Province and the Cerro Bandera Formation in Neuquén, also in Argentina, in sediments assigned to the SALMA Colhuehuapian (in the Early Miocene), as well as the Agua de la Piedra Formation in Mendoza, in sediments dated to the Deseadan (during the Late Oligocene).[2][3][4][5] In 1981 Soria made C. insolita a junior synonym of C. normalis.[6] A specimen of C. normalis was described in 2010 from Cabeza Blanca (Chubut, Argentina) in the Sarmiento Formation, in sediments assigned to the Deseadan SALMA (Upper Oligocene).[7]

Description

This animal had an appearance vaguely similar to that of a small llama or perhaps that of a stocky antelope. The skull of this animal was relatively elongated and provided with a slightly recessed nasal opening, which would indicate the presence of a strong, muscular lip, likely prehensile. In similar but larger and more recent forms, such as Theosodon and Scalabrinitherium, this lip gradually developed, eventually giving rise to a possibly proboscis-like structure with Macrauchenia.[7]

Taxonomy

Cramauchenia was first described by Florentino Ameghino in 1902, based on fossils found in the Sarmiento Formation of Argentina. It is a primitive representative of the Macraucheniidae, a group of South American mammals belonging to the Litopterna, with forms similar to those of camelids, despite not being closely related.[7] Cramauchenia is known for the sole species C. normalis. Another species, C. insolita, was initially described as a separate species, but following a study by Soria 1981 it has since been attributed to the type species.[6] Furthermore, Cramauchenia has been assigned to the Cramaucheniinae, a subfamily including the most basal macraucheniids, however, many recent studies tend to indicate that the subfamily is paraphyletic, with Cramauchenia being most closely related to Pternoconius.[8][9]

The following position of the Macraucheniidae is based on McGrath et al. 2018, showing the position of Cramauchenia.[8]

Proadiantus excavatus

Tricoelodus spp.

Macraucheniidae 

Polymorphis lechei

Pternoconius spp.

Cramauchenia normalis

Coniopternium

Llullataruca shockeyi

Theosodon spp.

Theosodon arozquetai

Macraucheniinae 

Scalabrinitherium bravardi

Huayqueriana cristata

Huayqueriana cf. cristata

Oxyodontherium zeballosi

Paranauchenia hystata

Paranauchenia denticulata

Cullinia levis

Promacrauchenia calchaquiorum

Promacrauchenia antiqua

Windhausenia delacroixi

Xenorhinotherium bahiense

Macraucheniopsis ensenadensis

Macrauchenia patachonica

Paleoenvironment

Fossils of Cramauchenia have been found in various fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America. Several specimens come from the Sarmiento Formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin in central Patagonia, with other finds from the Agua de la Piedra, Cerro Bandera, and the Chichinales Formation of the Neuquén Basin.

In the Chichinales Formation, which is known for its local mammal fauna, Cramauchenia would have coexisted with astrapotheres, the notoungulates Cochilius volvens, Colpodon, Hegetotheriopsis, Hegetotherium[10] and Protypotherium, the rodents Australoprocta, Caviocricetus, Eoviscaccia, and Willidewu,[11] the armadillos Proeutatus and Stenotatus, and the sparassodont Cladosictis. Bird remains from the formation are comparatively poor. A part of a tibiotarsus has previously been classified as an undetermined species of psilopterine phorusrhacid. Other birds include an undetermined wading bird, Opisthodactylus horacioperezi, a species of rhea, and Patagorhacos, a phorusrhacid. During the Miocene the area likely consisted of open but wooded environment with temperate climate and a proximity to freshwater.[2]

The Sarmiento Formation has provided a wide assemblage of mammals, including the astrapotheres Astrapotherium and Parastrapotherium,[12] the notoungulates Argyrohippus,[13] Cochilius, Colpodon,[14] Interatherium, Pachyrukhos and Protypotherium,[15] the fellow litopterns Lambdaconus, Paramacrauchenia, Proheptaconus,[16] Prolicaphrium,[17] Pternoconius,[18][19][20] Tetramerorhinus[15] and Theosodon,[21] the xenarthrans Hapaloides, Holomegalonyx, Nematherium, Peltephilus, Proeutatus, Proschismotherium, Prozaedyus, Stegotherium, and Stenotatus,[22] the metatherians Acyon, Acrocyon, Arctodictis, Borhyaena, Cladosictis Palaeothentes, Patagonia, and Sipalocyon,[23] the rodents Acarechimys, Acaremys, Caviocricetus, Eosteiromys, Eoviscaccia, Hypsosteiromys, Neoreomys, Paradelphomys, Parasteiromys, Perimys, Prospaniomys, Prostichomys, Protacaremys, Protadelphomys, Sarremys and Soriamys,[11][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] and the primates Homunculus, Mazzonicebus and Tremacebus.[34][35][36] The late-surviving meridiolestidan Necrolestes was also present.[23]

References

  1. Ameghino, Florentino (1902). "Première contribution a la connaissance de la faune mammalogique des couches a Colpodon". Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Córdoba, República Argentina 17: 71–141. ISSN 0325-2051. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/198536. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 Barrio, Claudio; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Goin, Francisco J. (1989). "Litogénesis y antigüedad de la Formación Chichinales de Paso Córdoba (Río Negro, Argentina)". Actas, IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía, Mendoza 4: 149–156. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284902990. 
  3. Federico L. Agnolin and Pablo Chafrat (2015). "New fossil bird remains from the Chichinales Formation (Early Miocene) of northern Patagonia, Argentina". Annales de Paléontologie 101 (2): 87–94. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2015.02.001. Bibcode2015AnPal.101...87A. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273206896. 
  4. Kramarz, Alejandro; Garrido, Alberto; Forasiepi, Analía; Bond, Mariano; Tambussi, Claudia (2005). "Stratigraphy and vertebrates (Aves and Mammalia) from the Cerro Bandera Formation, Early Miocene of Neuquén Province, Argentina.". Revista Geológica de Chile 32 (2). doi:10.4067/S0716-02082005000200006. http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V32n2-a06/html. 
  5. Schmidt, Gabriela Ines; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Pino, Santiago Hernández Del (2019-05-31). "Macraucheniidae and Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) from Quebrada Fiera (Late Oligocene), Mendoza Province, Argentina" (in en). Andean Geology 46 (2): 368–382. doi:10.5027/andgeoV46n2-3109. ISSN 0718-7106. http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V46n2-3109. 
  6. 6.0 6.1 Soria, Miguel Fernando (1981). "Los Litopterna del Colhuehuapense (Oligoceno tardío) de la Argentina.". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia." (3): 1–54. 
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Dozo, M.T.; Vera, B. (2010). "First skull and associated postcranial bones of Macraucheniidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) from the Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene) of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut, Argentina)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (6): 1818–1826. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.521534. Bibcode2010JVPal..30.1818D. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233015768. 
  8. 8.0 8.1 Andrew J. McGrath; Federico Anaya; Darin A. Croft (2018). "Two new macraucheniids (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the late middle Miocene (Laventan South American Land Mammal Age) of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38 (3): e1461632. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1461632. Bibcode2018JVPal..38E1632M. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2018.1461632?journalCode=ujvp20. 
  9. Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Family". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (5): 1231–1238. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.837393. Bibcode2014JVPal..34.1231S. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2014.837393. 
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  19. Soria (h), Miguel Fernando; Hoffstetter, Robert (1985). "Pternoconius tournoueri, nueva especie de Macraucheniidae (Mammalia; Litopterna) de edad Colhuehuapense (Oligoceno Tardio); Pcia. Del Chubut, República Argentina" (in es). Ameghiniana 22 (3–4): 149–158. ISSN 1851-8044. https://ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/1758. 
  20. Cheme-Arriaga, Lucas; Dozo, MarÍa Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N. (2016-11-01). "A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (6): e1229672. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1229672. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode2016JVPal..36E9672C. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1229672. 
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External links

Wikidata ☰ Q3753628 entry