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Biology:Calponin 2

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Calponin 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNN2 gene.

The CNN2 gene is located at 19p13.3 in the human chromosomal genome,[1] encoding the protein calponin 2. Calponin 2 is one of the three isoforms of calponin and an actin filament-associated regulatory protein with wide tissue distributions. Human calponin 2 is a 33.7-kDa protein consisting of 309 amino acids with an isoelectric point (pI) of 7.23. Accordingly, it is also known as neutral calponin.

Evolution

Figure 1: Evolutionary lineage of vertebrate calponin 2 deduced from alignment of amino acid sequences.

Calponin isoforms are conserved proteins whereas calponin 2 has diverged from calponin 1 and calponin 3 mainly in the C-terminal variable region. Phylogenetic lineage of calponin 2 showed that calponin 2 is conserved among mammalian species but more diverged among amphibian, reptile and fish species (Fig 1).

Tissue distribution

CNN2 is expressed in a broader range of tissue and cell types, including developing and remodeling smooth muscle as well as adult mature smooth muscle,[2] epidermal keratinocytes,[3] fibroblasts,[4] lung alveolar cells,[5] endothelial cells,[6] myeloid white blood cells,[7] platelet,[8] B lymphocyte,[9][10] and myoblasts.[11] These cell types can be classified as a) cells that are physiologically under high mechanical tension (e.g., smooth muscle in the wall of hollow organs, epithelial and endothelial cells), b) cells that have high rates of proliferation (e.g., myoblasts), and c) cells that are actively migrating (e.g., fibroblasts and macrophages). Therefore, the tissue distributions of calponin 2 imply its potential role in regulating cytoskeleton functions and cell motility.[12]

Interaction with other proteins

Figure 2. Proteins interacting with calponin. Calponin binds actin filaments through two actin-binding sites (ABS1 and ABS2), tropomyosin via the N-terminal CH domain, and gelsolin via the region of actin-binding sites. Calponin interacts with microtubules through the region including the actin-binding sites and the repeating motifs and with desmin through the region from N-terminal domain to the end of actin-binding sites. The segment of amino acids 144-182 in calponin interacts with myosin. In the presence of Ca2+, calmodulin and S100 bind calponin at the region of actin-binding sites and reverse calponin’s inhibition of myosin MgATPase. An N-terminal 22-kDa fragment of calponin interacts with phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol. *The interaction between calponin and caldesmon is controversial.

In vitro protein binding studies have demonstrated that calponin binds actin[13] and cross-links actin filaments.[14] Calponin also binds tropomyosin,[15][16] tubulin,[17] desmin,[18][19] Ca2+-calmodulin,[13] Ca2+-S100,[20] myosin,[21] and phospholipids.[22] Calponin also interacts with caldesmon[23] and a-actinin,[24] which however may only reflect their co-localization on actin filaments.[14][25] The variable C-terminal segment regulates actin-binding affinity, and calponin 2 is shown to have the lowest affinity for F-actin among the three isoforms.[26]

Function

Cell proliferation

Significant amounts of calponin 2 are found in growing smooth muscle tissues such as embryonic stomach and urinary bladder as well as the uterus during early pregnancy.[2] The expression of calponin 2 decreases to lower levels in quiescent adult smooth muscle cells while the expression of calponin 1 is up-regulated.[2] Transfective over-expression of calponin 2 inhibited cell proliferation.[2][10] A hypothesis is that higher level of calponin 2 is required in fast proliferating cells to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of the actin cytoskeleton.

Cell motility

Primary fibroblasts and peritoneal macrophages isolated from Cnn2 knockout mice migrate faster than that of wild type control cells.[7] Calponin 2 may affect cell migration differently in different cell types and in different biological processes. A study showed that forced expression of calponin 2 in endothelial cells enhanced angiogenic cell migration in vivo and anti-sense calponin 2 RNA reduced chemotaxis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture.[6] A hypothesis is that a proper level of calponin 2 may be required to maintain the physiological motility of different cell types in different biological processes. Calponin 2’s regulation of cell motility is based on inhibition of actin activated myosin motor function, as fibroblasts isolated from Cnn2 knockout mice showed increased cell traction force generated by myosin II motors.

Cell adhesion

A significant level of calponin 2 is found in human and mouse platelets.[8] Platelet adhesion is a critical step in blood coagulation and thrombosis. In a microfluidic flow-based thrombosis assay, the time to initiation of rapid platelet/thrombus accumulation was significantly longer in blood samples from Cnn2 knockout versus wild type mice.[8] The effect of calponin 2 on facilitating the velocity of cell adhesion was also shown with prostate cancer cells expression high or low levels of calponin 2.[6]

Immune cells

Significant amounts of calponin 2 are found in blood cells of myeloid lineage. Monocytes derived from Cnn2 gene knockout mice proliferated faster than wild type control cells. Calponin 2-null macrophages migrated faster and exhibit enhanced phagocytosis.[7] In global as well as myeloid cell-specific Cnn2 knockout mice, the development of inflammatory arthritis induced by anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase serum was significantly attenuated as compared with that in wild type mice . Deletion of calponin 2 in macrophages also significantly attenuated the development of atherosclerosis lesions in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice[12]

Regulation by mechanical tension

Gene expression

The expression of calponin 2 is significantly increased in cells cultured on hard versus soft gel substrates that produce high or low traction force and cytoskeleton tension.[4] The expression of calponin 2 in NIH/3T3 cells was decreased when cytoskeleton tension was reduced after blebbistatin inhibition of myosin II motors.[5] To demonstrate the Cnn2 promoter-specific regulation, transfective expression of calponin 2 using a cytomegalovirus promoter was independent of the stiffness of culture substrate.[4]

A binding site for transcriptional factor HES-1 (hairy and enhancer of split 1) has been identified in the 5’-upstream region of mouse Cnn2 promoter, responsible for the mechanical regulation.[11] HES-1 is known to function downstream of the Notch-RBP J signaling pathway,[27] which has been suggested to mediate cellular mechanoregulation.[28][29] Deletion or mutation of the HES-1 site abolished the mechanical regulation and resulted in a substrate stiffness independent high level of transcription. Therefore, the regulatory mechanism is a low tension-induced repression. Corresponding to the down-regulation of Cnn2 gene expression, the level of HES-1 increased in cells cultured on soft gel substrate in comparison with that in cells cultured on hard substrates.[11]

Degradation

Calponin 2 is also regulated by mechanical tension at the protein level. A rapid and selective degradation of calponin 2 occurs in lung tissues after a short period of deflation.[5] This low cytoskeleton tension-induced degradation of calponin 2 in collapsed lung was completely prevented in post mortem mouse lung simply by air inflation to maintain tension applied to the alveolae.[5] The cytoskeleton tension-dependent stability of calponin 2 was further confirmed in monolayer cells cultured on expanded elastic membrane by its rapid degradation after a reduction of the dimension of the cultural substrate to acutely reduce cytoskeleton tension.[5]

Notes


References

  1. ↑ "Molecular cloning and characterization of human non-smooth muscle calponin". Journal of Biochemistry 120 (2): 415–24. 1996. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021428. PMID 8889829. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Developmentally regulated expression of calponin isoforms and the effect of h2-calponin on cell proliferation". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 284 (1): C156–67. 2003. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00233.2002. PMID 12388067. 
  3. ↑ "The presence of h2-calponin in human keratinocyte". Journal of Dermatological Science 14 (1): 29–36. 1997. doi:10.1016/s0923-1811(96)00545-2. PMID 9049805. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "h2-Calponin is regulated by mechanical tension and modifies the function of actin cytoskeleton". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 (51): 42442–53. 2005. doi:10.1074/jbc.M509952200. PMID 16236705. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "Cytoskeletal tension regulates both expression and degradation of h2-calponin in lung alveolar cells". Biochemistry 45 (51): 15670–83. 2006. doi:10.1021/bi061718f. PMID 17176089. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "A critical role for calponin 2 in vascular development". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 (10): 6664–72. 2006. doi:10.1074/jbc.M506991200. PMID 16317011. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Role of H2-calponin in regulating macrophage motility and phagocytosis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 283 (38): 25887–99. 2008. doi:10.1074/jbc.M801163200. PMID 18617524. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "A novel role of h2-calponin in regulating whole blood thrombosis and platelet adhesion during physiologic flow". Physiological Reports 2 (12): e12228. 2014. doi:10.14814/phy2.12228. PMID 25472609. 
  9. ↑ "A Conditional Knockout Mouse Model Reveals That Calponin-3 Is Dispensable for Early B Cell Development". PLOS ONE 10 (6): e0128385. 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128385. PMID 26046660. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1028385F. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Diminished expression of h2-calponin in prostate cancer cells promotes cell proliferation, migration and the dependence of cell adhesion on substrate stiffness". FEBS Open Bio 4: 627–36. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.fob.2014.06.003. PMID 25161871. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Mechanoregulation of h2-calponin gene expression and the role of Notch signaling". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 289 (3): 1617–28. 2014. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.498147. PMID 24285540. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Calponin: A mechanical tension-modulated regulator of cytoskeleton and cell motility.". Current Topics in Biochemical Research 16: 1–15. 2015. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Isolation and characterization of a 34,000-dalton calmodulin- and F-actin-binding protein from chicken gizzard smooth muscle". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 141 (1): 20–6. 1986. doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80328-x. PMID 3606745. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Calponin interaction with alpha-actinin-actin: evidence for a structural role for calponin". Biophysical Journal 77 (6): 3208–17. 1999. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77151-1. PMID 10585942. Bibcode: 1999BpJ....77.3208L. 
  15. ↑ "A novel troponin T-like protein (calponin) in vascular smooth muscle: interaction with tropomyosin paracrystals". Journal of Hypertension Supplement 6 (4): S40–3. 1988. doi:10.1097/00004872-198812040-00008. PMID 3241227. 
  16. ↑ "Calponin and tropomyosin interactions". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 1121 (1–2): 41–6. 1992. doi:10.1016/0167-4838(92)90334-a. PMID 1599949. 
  17. ↑ "Identification of the binding region of basic calponin on alpha and beta tubulins". Journal of Biochemistry 125 (5): 869–75. 1999. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022362. PMID 10220577. 
  18. ↑ "Interaction of smooth muscle calponin and desmin". FEBS Letters 392 (3): 255–8. 1996. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(96)00824-1. PMID 8774856. 
  19. ↑ "Association of calponin with desmin intermediate filaments". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 (36): 22662–6. 1997. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.36.22662. PMID 9278424. 
  20. ↑ "Calcium-dependent regulation of smooth muscle calponin by S100". Journal of Biochemistry 116 (1): 121–7. 1994. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124484. PMID 7798169. 
  21. ↑ "Localization of protein regions involved in the interaction between calponin and myosin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 (17): 11142–6. 1997. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.17.11142. PMID 9111011. 
  22. ↑ "Interaction of smooth muscle calponin with phospholipids". FEBS Letters 371 (2): 123–6. 1995. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)00868-a. PMID 7672110. 
  23. ↑ "Strong interaction between caldesmon and calponin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 (48): 30336–9. 1996. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.48.30336. PMID 8939993. 
  24. ↑ "Calponin is localised in both the contractile apparatus and the cytoskeleton of smooth muscle cells". Journal of Cell Science 107 (3): 437–44. 1994. doi:10.1242/jcs.107.3.437. PMID 8006064. 
  25. ↑ "Does calponin interact with caldesmon?". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 (51): 32067–70. 1997. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.51.32067. PMID 9405402. 
  26. ↑ "The molecular basis for the autoregulation of calponin by isoform-specific C-terminal tail sequences". Journal of Cell Science 115 (Pt 10): 2021–9. 2002. doi:10.1242/jcs.115.10.2021. PMID 11973344. 
  27. ↑ "bHLH transcription factors and mammalian neuronal differentiation". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 29 (12): 1389–99. 1997. doi:10.1016/s1357-2725(97)89968-2. PMID 9570134. 
  28. ↑ "Cyclic strain inhibits Notch receptor signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro". Circulation Research 96 (5): 567–75. 2005. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000159182.98874.43. PMID 15705961. 
  29. ↑ "Biomechanical regulation of hedgehog signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 292 (1): C488–96. 2007. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00337.2005. PMID 16943241. 



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