Biology:Asemonea amatola

From HandWiki
Short description: Species of spider

Asemonea amatola
Asemonea clara 15791411.jpg
A spider of the Asemonea genus
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Salticidae
Genus: Asemonea
Species:
A. amatola
Binomial name
Asemonea amatola
Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013

Asemonea amatola is a species of jumping spider in the genus Asemonea that is endemic to South Africa. It lives in trees in mountain ranges. The spider was first defined in 2013 by Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad. The spider is small, with a white or whitish-yellow pear-shaped carapace between 2.0 and 2.6 mm (0.079 and 0.102 in) long and an abdomen between 2.4 and 2.8 mm (0.094 and 0.110 in) long that has a pattern of dark dots on an otherwise light surface. The copulatory organs are distinctive. The female has spines on its pedipalps and a large epigyne with two large shallow depressions. The male is larger than the female and has a distinctive pedipalp with a three-armed apophysis on the femur and three apophyses on the tibia.

Taxonomy

Asemonea amatola is a jumping spider that was first described by Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad in 2013.[1] It is one of over 500 species the Polish arachnologist identified during her career.[2] The species was allocated to the genus Asemonea, first raised by Octavius Pickard-Cambridge in 1869.[3] The genus is related to Lyssomanes.[4] Molecular analysis demonstrates that the genus is similar to Goleba and Pandisus.[5] In Wayne Maddison's 2015 study of spider phylogenetic classification, the genus Asemonea was the type genus for the subfamily Asemoneinae.[6] A year later, in 2016, Jerzy Prószyński named it as the type genus for the Asemoneines group of genera, which was also named after the genus.[7]

Description

The spider is small. The female has a cephalothorax that is typically 2.0 mm (0.079 in) long and 1.6 mm (0.063 in) wide. It has a pear-shaped white carapace, apart from two faint darker bands and black rings around the eyes. Light hairs cover the entire body. The chelicerae has three small teeth visible at the front and four at the back. The mouthparts are white. The abdomen is typically 2.4 mm (0.094 in) long and 1.5 mm (0.059 in) wide. It is similarly pale both on top and underneath, with indistinct dark steaks across the back. It has a pattern of five small dark spots towards the back. The spinnerets are white, as are the thin legs. The pedipalps has six spines. The epigyne is large and broad, with two large but shallow depressions. The copulatory openings are combined.[8]

The male is larger than the female, with a cephalothorax measuring 2.6 mm (0.10 in) long and 2.0 mm (0.079 in) wide and an abdomen 2.8 mm (0.11 in) long and 1.2 mm (0.047 in) wide.[9] The carapace is low, pear-shaped and whitish-yellow, with two light brown streaks crossing the back. The eyes have black rings like the female and are arranged in four rows. Occasional orange hairs can be seen on the eye field and brown clypeus. The chelicerae has white hairs at their bases. The abdomen is narrow and white with a similar pattern of dots to the female. The white spinnerets have dark tips. The legs are similarly white but have brownish rings on them.[10] The pedipalp is light and has a femoral apophysis consisting of three appendages, three apophyses on the tibia, sharp curved prolateral and dorsal apophyses, and a rounded retrolateral apophysis. The embolus is short and curves around the end of the tegulum.[11] The shape of the pedipalp, particularly the three-armed femoral apophysis, is distinctive for the species.[9]

Behaviour

Asemonea spiders rarely jump. Instead, they generally walk and run. They spin sheet webs on the underside of leaves, where they also lay their eggs.[12] Despite being predominantly a diurnal hunter, the spider is also likely to eat nectar if it is available.[13][14] Although the species has been found in the autumn, it is more abundant in spring.[15]

Distribution and habitat

The species is endemic to South Africa.[1] The female holotype was found in the Amatola Mountains of Eastern Cape in 2010 living in the canopy of broadleaf trees in a domestic garden.[16] The male was first identified in the same locality in 2013, at an altitude of 1,250 m (4,100 ft) above sea level.[17] The species is named from the mountain range where it was first found.[3] It thrives in mountainous areas.[18]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 World Spider Catalog (2017). "Asemonea amatola Wesolowska, 2001". Natural History Museum. http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/28182. Retrieved 13 May 2017. 
  2. ↑ Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 182.
  4. ↑ Jackson 1990, p. 1.
  5. ↑ Maddison 2015, p. 236.
  6. ↑ Maddison 2015, p. 235.
  7. ↑ Prószyński 2017, p. 122.
  8. ↑ Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, pp. 183–184.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wesołowska & Haddad 2018, p. 880.
  10. ↑ Wesołowska & Haddad 2018, p. 881.
  11. ↑ Wesołowska & Haddad 2018, p. 882.
  12. ↑ Jackson 1990, p. 2.
  13. ↑ Richman & Jackson 1992, p. 33.
  14. ↑ Jackson et al. 2001, p. 28.
  15. ↑ Wesołowska & Haddad 2018, p. 883.
  16. ↑ Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 184.
  17. ↑ Wesołowska & Haddad 2018, pp. 882–883.
  18. ↑ Dawidowicz & Wesołowska 2016, p. 464.

Bibliography

  • Dawidowicz, Angelika; Wesołowska, Wanda (2016). "Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of Kenya Collected by Åke Holm". Annales Zoologici 66 (3): 437–466. doi:10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.3.010. 
  • Jackson, Robert R. (1990). "Comparative study of lyssomanine jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae): Silk use and predatory behaviour of Asemonea, Goleba, Lyssomanes, and Onomastus". New Zealand Journal of Zoology 17 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1080/03014223.1990.1042257. 
  • Jackson, Robert R.; Pollard, Simon D.; Nelson, Ximena J.; Edwards, G. B.; Barrion, Alberto T. (2001). "Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) that feed on nectar". Journal of Zoology 255 (1): 25–29. doi:10.1017/S095283690100108X. 
  • Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. 
  • Maddison, Wayne P.; Hedin, Marshal C. (2003). "Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae: Salticidae)". Invertebrate Systematics 17 (4): 529–549. doi:10.1071/IS02044. 
  • Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina 12: 1–133. doi:10.37828/em.2017.12.1. 
  • Richman, David B.; Jackson, Robert R. (1992). "A review of the ethology of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)". Bulletin of the British Arachnology Society 9 (2): 33–37. 
  • Wesołowska, Wanda; Haddad, Charles R. (2013). "New data on the jumping spiders of South Africa (Araneae: Salticidae)". African Invertebrates 54 (1): 177–240. doi:10.5733/afin.054.0111. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5733/afin.054.0111. 
  • Wesołowska, Wanda; Haddad, Charles R. (2018). "Further additions to the jumping spider fauna of South Africa (Araneae: Salticidae)". Annales Zoologici 68 (4): 879–908. doi:10.3161/00034541ANZ2018.68.4.011. 
  • Wiśniewski, Konrad (2020). "Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70th birthday of Wanda Wesołowska". Zootaxa 4899 (1): 5–14. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.3. PMID 33756825. 

Wikidata ☰ Q27504441 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Asemonea_amatola&oldid=3659932"