View source for Social:Alpha and beta male (slang)

{{Short description|Slang terms for men associated with misogynist culture}}
'''''Alpha male''''' and '''''beta male''''', or simply '''''alpha''''' and '''''beta''''', are [[Social:Slang|slang]] terms for men derived from the designation for [[Biology:Alpha (ethology)|alpha and beta animals]] in [[Biology:Ethology|ethology]]. The term ''alpha male'' is often incorrectly applied to any dominating man, especially [[Social:Bullying|bullies]].<ref name=":7" /> Both terms have been frequently used in the [[Social:Manosphere|manosphere]].<ref name="Cultural Sociology">{{Cite book |author-last=Friedland |author-first=Roger |year=2018 |chapter=Donald's Dick: A Man Against the Institutions |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Politics_of_Meaning_Meaning_of_Politics.html?id=uox5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 |editor1-last=Mast |editor1-first=Jason L. |editor2-last=Alexander |editor2-first=Jeffrey C. |title=Politics of Meaning/Meaning of Politics: Cultural Sociology of the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election |publisher=[[Company:Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=Basingstoke |pages=126–127 |doi=10.1111/soin.12328 |isbn=978-3-319-95944-3 |access-date=2020-07-17 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728235156/https://books.google.com/books/about/Politics_of_Meaning_Meaning_of_Politics.html?id=uox5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 |url-status=live }}</ref> The term ''beta'' is used as a pejorative self-identifier among members of manosphere communities, particularly [[Social:Incel|incel]]s, who do not believe they are assertive or traditionally [[Social:Masculinity|masculine]], and feel overlooked by women.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> It is also used to negatively describe other men who are not assertive, particularly with women and generally in life as well.<ref name="Cultural Sociology"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Clark-Flory|first=Tracy|date=July 1, 2014|title=In praise of the 'beta male'|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/06/30/in_praise_of_the_beta_male/|access-date=June 13, 2020|website=Salon|archive-date=June 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612123641/https://www.salon.com/2014/06/30/in_praise_of_the_beta_male/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
The terms were used almost solely in animal ethology prior to the 1990s, particularly in regard to mating privileges with females, ability to hold territory, and hierarchy in terms of food consumption within their herd or flock.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gese|first=Eric M.|last2=Ruff|first2=Robert L.|last3=Crabtree|first3=Robert L.|date=May 1, 1996|title=Foraging ecology of coyotes (Canis latrans): the influence of extrinsic factors and a dominance hierarchy|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|language=en|volume=74|issue=5|pages=769–783|doi=10.1139/z96-089|issn=0008-4301}}</ref> In animal ethology, ''beta'' refers to an animal who is subordinate to higher-ranking members in the [[Social:Social stratification|social hierarchy]], thus having to wait to eat and having negligible or no opportunities for [[Biology:Copulation (zoology)|copulation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davies|first=N. B.|date=May 22, 1984|title=Cooperation and conflict among dunnocks, Prunella modularis, in a variable mating system|journal=Animal Behaviour|language=en|volume=33|issue=2|pages=628–648|doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(85)80087-7}}</ref>

In the 1982 book ''Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes'', [[Biology:Primatology|primatologist]] and ethologist [[Biography:Frans de Waal|Frans de Waal]] suggested that his observations of a [[Biology:Chimpanzee|chimpanzee]] colony could possibly be applied to human interactions. Some commentary on the book, including in the ''Chicago Tribune'', discussed its parallels to human power hierarchies. In the early 1990s some media outlets began to use the term ''alpha'' to refer to humans; specifically "manly" men who excelled in business. Journalist Jesse Singal writing in ''New York'' magazine attributes the popular awareness of the terms to a 1999 ''{{wipe|Time (magazine)}}'' magazine article, which described an opinion held by Naomi Wolf, who was at the time an advisor to then-presidential candidate [[Biography:Al Gore|Al Gore]]: "Wolf has argued internally that Gore is a 'Beta male' who needs to take on the 'Alpha male' in the Oval Office before the public will see him as the top dog." Singal also credits Neil Strauss's bestselling 2005 book on [[Philosophy:Pickup artist|pickup artist]]ry, titled ''The Game'', for popularizing ''alpha male'' as an aspirational ideal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singal|first=Jesse|date=May 18, 2016|title=How America Became Infatuated With a Cartoonish Idea of ‘Alpha Males’|url=https://nymag.com/article/2016/05/the-rise-of-the-alpha-beta-male.html|access-date=June 13, 2020|website=New York Magazine|language=en-us|archive-date=June 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614015947/https://nymag.com/article/2016/05/the-rise-of-the-alpha-beta-male.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Usage ==
The term ''alpha male'' is often incorrectly applied to any dominating man, especially [[Social:Bullying|bullies]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=de Waal|first=Frans|date=2017|title=The Surprising Science of Alpha Males|url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/tedmed/tedmed/84206|url-status=live|access-date=May 18, 2021|website=[[Medicine:MedPage Today|MedPage Today]]|language=en|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505131539/https://www.medpagetoday.com/tedmed/tedmed/84206}}</ref> However, dominating behavior alone is rarely seen as a positive trait for either an ideal date or a romantic partner.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Kaufman|first=Scott Barry|date=December 10, 2015|title=The Myth of the Alpha Male|url=https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/the_myth_of_the_alpha_male|magazine=Greater Good Magazine|access-date=May 18, 2021|archive-date=May 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517104814/https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/the_myth_of_the_alpha_male|url-status=live}}</ref> The view that there is a dominance hierarchy among humans consisting of "alpha males" and "beta males" is sometimes reported in the [[Philosophy:Mainstream|mainstream]] media. Claims about women being "hard-wired" to desire "alpha males" are seen by experts as [[Social:Misogyny|misogynistic]] and [[Philosophy:Stereotype|stereotypical]], and are not supported by research.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Steadman|first=Ian|date=June 4, 2014|title=The sexist pseudoscience of pick-up artists: the dangers of "alpha male" thinking|work=New Statesman|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/future-proof/2014/06/sexist-pseudoscience-pick-artists-dangers-alpha-male-thinking|access-date=May 18, 2021|archive-date=April 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415082019/https://www.newstatesman.com/future-proof/2014/06/sexist-pseudoscience-pick-artists-dangers-alpha-male-thinking|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web|last=Burnett|first=Dean|date=October 10, 2016|title=Do alpha males even exist?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/brain-flapping/2016/oct/10/do-alpha-males-even-exist-donald-trump|url-status=live|access-date=May 18, 2021|website={{wipe|The Guardian}}|language=en|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506000002/https://www.theguardian.com/science/brain-flapping/2016/oct/10/do-alpha-males-even-exist-donald-trump}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web|last=Hosie|first=Rachel|date=May 9, 2017|title=The Myth of the Alpha Male|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/myth-alpha-male-a7724971.html|url-status=live|access-date=May 18, 2021|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=April 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419052710/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/myth-alpha-male-a7724971.html}}</ref> No general classification of humans into a dominance hierarchy can be made, since human behavior and society are far more complex than that of other primates, and humans often take the dominant role in some social situations and a subordinate role in others.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":52" />

This misconception about "alpha males" is common within the [[Social:Manosphere|manosphere]], a collection of websites, blogs, and online forums promoting [[Social:Masculinity|masculinity]], strong opposition to feminism, and [[Social:Misogyny|misogyny]] which includes movements such as the [[Social:Men's rights movement|men's rights movement]], [[Social:Incel|incels]] (involuntary celibates), [[Social:Men Going Their Own Way|Men Going Their Own Way]] (MGTOW), pick-up artists (PUA), and fathers' rights groups.{{refn|name=manosphere-article-citegroup|<ref name="Hodapp-2017">{{cite book |last=Hodapp |first=Christa |title=Men's Rights, Gender, and Social Media |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-49-852617-3 |location=Lanham, Md. |quote=The manosphere is a group of loosely associated websites, blogs, and forums all concerned with masculinity and men's issues, and includes input from the MRM, pick-up artists, anti-feminists, and fathers' rights activists. |page=xv}}</ref><ref name="Jones-Trott-Wright-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Callum |last2=Trott |first2=Verity |last3=Wright |first3=Scott |date=November 8, 2019 |title=Sluts and soyboys: MGTOW and the production of misogynistic online harassment |journal=New Media & Society |doi=10.1177/1461444819887141 |issn=1461-4448 |quote=The Manosphere is now home to several different groups, including pickup artists, the more radical 'Incels', father’s groups, Men’s Rights Activists (MRAs) and the Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW) group and each has important differences that need to be unpacked.}}</ref><ref name="Lumsden-2019">{{cite book |last=Lumsden |first=Karen |title=Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web |publisher=[[Company:Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-03-012632-2 |editor1-last=Lumsden |editor1-first=Karen |location=Cham, Switzerland |editor2-last=Harmer |editor2-first=Emily |chapter='I Want to Kill You in Front of Your Children' Is Not a Threat. It's an Expression of a Desire': Discourses of Online Abuse, Trolling, and Violence on r/MensRights |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332601717_'I_Want_to_Kill_You_in_Front_of_Your_Children_Is_Not_a_Threat_It's_an_Expression_of_a_Desire'_Discourses_of_Online_Abuse_Trolling_and_Violence_on_rMensRights |pages=91–115 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9_4 |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2021-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410154923/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332601717_%27I_Want_to_Kill_You_in_Front_of_Your_Children_Is_Not_a_Threat_It%27s_an_Expression_of_a_Desire%27_Discourses_of_Online_Abuse_Trolling_and_Violence_on_rMensRights |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Jane |first=Emma A. |date=2017 |title=Systemic misogyny exposed: Translating Rapeglish from the Manosphere with a Random Rape Threat Generator |journal=International Journal of Cultural Studies |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=661–680 |doi=10.1177/1367877917734042 |s2cid=149078033 |issn=1367-8779 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320836838 |quote=Despite some conflicting agendas and tribalism, [manosphere] groups are united by an antagonism towards women, a vehement opposition to feminism, and the production of hyperbolic misogynist discourse ... |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2021-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326170933/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320836838_Systemic_misogyny_exposed_Translating_Rapeglish_from_the_Manosphere_with_a_Random_Rape_Threat_Generator |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Marwick-Lewis-2017">{{Cite report |url=https://datasociety.net/library/media-manipulation-and-disinfo-online/ |title=Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online |last1=Marwick |first1=Alice |last2=Lewis |first2=Rebecca |date=May 15, 2017 |publisher=Data & Society Research Institute |location=New York |access-date=June 13, 2020 |quote=The 'manosphere' is a loose collection of blogs and forums devoted to men’s rights, sexual strategy, and misogyny. |archive-date=March 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325202330/https://datasociety.net/library/media-manipulation-and-disinfo-online/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} The term ''beta'' is also often used among manosphere communities. Its usage is inconsistent; [[Social:Media studies|media studies]] scholar Debbie Ging has described the communities' theories about "alpha, beta, omega, and zeta masculinity" as "confused and contradictory".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Ging|first=Debbie|date=2017|title=Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere|journal=[[Social:Men and Masculinities|Men and Masculinities]]|publisher=SAGE Journals|language=en|volume=22|issue=4|pages=638–657|doi=10.1177/1097184X17706401|issn=1097-184X}}</ref> ''Beta'' is sometimes used as self-identifier among men who do not embody [[Social:Hegemonic masculinity|hegemonic masculinity]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Callum|last2=Trott|first2=Verity|last3=Wright|first3=Scott|date=November 8, 2019|title=Sluts and soyboys: MGTOW and the production of misogynistic online harassment|journal=New Media & Society|publisher=SAGE Journals|language=en|pages=146144481988714|doi=10.1177/1461444819887141|issn=1461-4448}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Nicholas |first1=Lucy |last2=Agius |first2=Christine |year=2018 |title=The Persistence of Global Masculinism: Discourse, Gender and Neo-Colonial Re-Articulations of Violence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8I9DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |publisher=[[Company:Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-68360-7 |isbn=978-3-319-68359-1 |lccn=2017954971 |access-date=2020-07-17 |archive-date=2020-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811114131/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8I9DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also sometimes used by manospherians as a pejorative term for men who are or are perceived to be [[Social:Feminism|feminist]], or who are thought to be acting as a "{{Wikteng|white knight}}".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mendes|first=Kaitlynn|title=Digital Feminist Activism: Girls and Women Fight Back Against Rape Culture|last2=Ringrose|first2=Jessica|last3=Keller|first3=Jessalynn|publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|year=2019|isbn=978-0-19-069785-3|location=New York, NY|oclc=1050133589}}</ref> Some manosphere groups refer to members of other groups in the manosphere as ''betas''; for example, members of the [[Social:Men Going Their Own Way|Men Going Their Own Way]] (MGTOW) community sometimes use it to refer to [[Social:Men's rights movement|men's rights activists]] or [[Social:Incel|incel]]s.<ref name=":0" /> Members of the pickup artist (PUA) communities use it to refer to men who have no "game".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zuckerberg|first=Donna|author-link=Donna Zuckerberg|title=Not All Dead White Men: Classics and Misogyny in the Digital Age|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-674-97555-2|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|oclc=1020311558}}</ref> Generally, manosphere communities believe that men who they consider to be "alpha males" are preferred by women, and men they consider "beta males" are taken advantage of or ignored by women.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Nagle|first=Angela|author-link=Angela Nagle|title=Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars From 4Chan And Tumblr To Trump And The Alt-Right|publisher=Zero Books|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78535-543-1|location=Alresford, UK}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Similar terms as ''beta'' used by the manosphere communities include ''[[Social:Nice guy|nice guy]]'', ''cuck'', {{wikt-lang|en|simp|i=no}}, and ''soy boy''.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ward|first=Anna Maria|date=April 1, 2020|title=Here's why people are calling each other 'simps' online|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/what-does-simp-mean-meme/|access-date=June 13, 2020|website=[[Company:The Daily Dot|The Daily Dot]]|language=en-US|archive-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111111416/https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/what-does-simp-mean-meme/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hosie|first=Rachel|date=October 30, 2017|title=This is the far right's new favourite insult|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/soy-boy-insult-what-is-definition-far-right-men-masculinity-women-a8027816.html|access-date=July 27, 2020|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716142854/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/soy-boy-insult-what-is-definition-far-right-men-masculinity-women-a8027816.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gambert|first=Iselin|last2=Linné|first2=Tobias|date=2018|title=From Rice Eaters to Soy Boys: Race, Gender, and Tropes of 'Plant Food Masculinity'|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1374&context=asj|journal=Animal Studies Journal|volume=7|issue=2|pages=120–179|access-date=2020-07-27|archive-date=2020-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727125630/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1374&context=asj|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Henderson|first=Alex|date=November 15, 2018|title=Inside the "soy boy" conspiracy theory: It combines misogyny and the warped world of pseudosciece|url=https://www.salon.com/2018/11/14/the-soy-boy-conspiracy-theory-alt-right-thinks-left-wing-has-it-out-for-them-with-soybeans_partner/|url-status=live|access-date=July 27, 2020|website=Salon|language=en|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727060234/https://www.salon.com/2018/11/14/the-soy-boy-conspiracy-theory-alt-right-thinks-left-wing-has-it-out-for-them-with-soybeans_partner/}}</ref>

==Related terms==
=== ''Alpha fux beta bux'' ===
In the [[Social:Manosphere|manosphere]], the term ''alpha fux beta bux'' presupposes a sexual strategy of [[Philosophy:Hypergamy|hypergamy]] or "marrying up" among women whereby they prefer and have sex with "alpha" males, but settle for less attractive "beta" males for financial reasons.<ref name="Ging 2019">{{cite book |last1=Ging |first1=Debbie |editor1-last=Ging |editor1-first=Debbie |editor2-last=Siapera |editor2-first=Eugenia |title=Gender Hate Online: Understanding the New Anti-Feminism |date=2019 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-96226-9 |page=57 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-96226-9_3 |chapter=Bros v. Hos: Postfeminism, Anti-feminism and the Toxic Turn in Digital Gender Politics}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Clark-Flory|first=Tracy|date=July 2, 2014|title='Feminism is a sexual strategy': Inside the angry online men's rights group 'Red Pill'|url=https://www.salon.com/2014/07/01/feminism_is_a_sexual_strategy_inside_the_angry_online_mens_rights_group_red_pill/|access-date=June 13, 2020|website=Salon|archive-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613123244/https://www.salon.com/2014/07/01/feminism_is_a_sexual_strategy_inside_the_angry_online_mens_rights_group_red_pill/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sometimes it expresses a belief that women marry beta males to exploit them financially, while continuing to have [[Social:Extramarital sex|extramarital sex]] with alpha males.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Van Valkenburgh |first=Shawn P. |date=December 4, 2018 |title=Digesting the Red Pill: Masculinity and Neoliberalism in the Manosphere |journal=[[Social:Men and Masculinities|Men and Masculinities]] |doi=10.1177/1097184X18816118 |issn=1097-184X}}</ref> Ging explains these beliefs as an effort by young men in the Western world to cope with their limited economic prospects following the [[Finance:2007–2008 financial crisis|2007–2008 financial crisis]] by appealing to gender-essentialist notions of gold-digging women popular in postfeminist culture.{{r|Ging 2019}}

=== ''Beta orbiter'' ===
A ''beta orbiter'' is a beta male who invests time and effort into mingling with women in the hope of eventually getting into a romantic relationship or having sex with them. The term earned some media attention in 2019 with the murder of Bianca Devins. A man killed the 17-year-old Devins and posted photographs of her body online, one of which bore the caption, "sorry fuckers, you're going to have to find somebody else to orbit."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Minutaglio|first=Rose|date=July 15, 2019|title=A Teen Instagrammer Was Brutally Murdered. Then, the Killer Shared Photos of Her Body Online.|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a28401353/bianca-devins-death-photos-killer-murder/|access-date=June 13, 2020|website=Elle|language=en-US|archive-date=June 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614022818/https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a28401353/bianca-devins-death-photos-killer-murder/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dickson|first=E. J.|date=December 17, 2019|title=The Short Life and Viral Death of Bianca Devins|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/bianca-devins-viral-death-murder-926823/|access-date=June 13, 2020|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|archive-date=November 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118130336/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/bianca-devins-viral-death-murder-926823/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Beta uprising'' ===
The term ''beta uprising'' or ''incel rebellion'' has been used largely among incels to refer to revenge by members of their community who have been overlooked by women.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin|date=October 7, 2015|title=Incels, 4chan and the Beta Uprising: making sense of one of the Internet’s most-reviled subcultures|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/10/07/incels-4chan-and-the-beta-uprising-making-sense-of-one-of-the-internets-most-reviled-subcultures/|access-date=June 13, 2020|website={{wipe|The Washington Post}}|language=en|archive-date=November 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225334/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/10/07/incels-4chan-and-the-beta-uprising-making-sense-of-one-of-the-internets-most-reviled-subcultures/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also sometimes used to describe a movement to overthrow what they view as an oppressive, feminist society.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Chokshi|first=Niraj|date=April 24, 2018|title=What Is an Incel? A Term Used by the Toronto Van Attack Suspect, Explained|language=en-US|work={{wipe|The New York Times}}|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/world/canada/incel-reddit-meaning-rebellion.html|access-date=June 13, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425023131/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/world/canada/incel-reddit-meaning-rebellion.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2018 vehicle-ramming attack in Toronto, Canada was allegedly perpetrated by a man who had posted on his [[Company:Facebook|Facebook]] page just prior to the attack, "the Incel Rebellion has already begun".<ref name=":4" /> Media outlets have used the terms ''beta uprising'' and ''incel rebellion'' to refer to acts of violence perpetrated by members of manosphere communities, particularly incels.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

==See also==
*[[Social:Chad (slang)|Chad (slang)]]
*[[Social:Cuckservative|Cuckservative]]
*[[Internet slang]]
*Neckbeard (slang)

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Internet culture]]

{{Sourceattribution|Alpha and beta male (slang)|1}}