View source for Chemistry:IARC group 1

{{short description|Classification}}
Substances, mixtures, and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified as '''group 1''' by the '''[[Organization:International Agency for Research on Cancer|International Agency for Research on Cancer]]''' (IARC):<ref>{{cite web |url=https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications |title=List of Classifications, Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–124 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=July 7, 2019 |website=IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Risk to Humans |publisher=IARC |access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref> The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

== Agents ==

===Infectious conditions===
Viruses
*Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with)
*[[Biology:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1|Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I]]
*Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59 
*[[Biology:Hepatitis B virus|Hepatitis B virus]] (chronic infection with)
*[[Biology:Hepatitis C virus|Hepatitis C virus]] (chronic infection with)
*[[Biology:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus|Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus]]
*[[Biology:Epstein–Barr virus|Epstein–Barr virus]]

Bacterium
*''Helicobacter pylori'' (infection with)

Worms
*''[[Biology:Clonorchis sinensis|Clonorchis sinensis]]'' (infection with)
*''[[Biology:Opisthorchis viverrini|Opisthorchis viverrini]]'' (infection with)
*''[[Biology:Schistosoma haematobium|Schistosoma haematobium]]'' (infection with)

===Chemical substances===
*[[Chemistry:Acetaldehyde|Acetaldehyde]] associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages<ref name="FOOTNOTEIARC20091102">{{cite web|title=IARC Strengthens Its Findings on Several Carcinogenic Personal Habits and Household Exposures |url=http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2009/pdfs/pr196_E.pdf|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)|accessdate=August 1, 2014|format=Press release|quote=November 2, 2009 ‐‐ IARC has updated the cancer assessments of several personal habits and household exposures that cause cancer, including tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, and household coal smoke. The update was conducted with the advice of 30 scientists from 10 countries who met at IARC in October 2009. [...] The Working Group concluded that acetaldehyde associated with alcohol consumption is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) and confirmed the classification in Group 1 of alcohol consumption and of ethanol in alcoholic beverages.}}</ref>
*[[Chemistry:Aflatoxin|Aflatoxin]]s
*[[Chemistry:4-Aminobiphenyl|4-Aminobiphenyl]]
*[[Chemistry:Aristolochic acid|Aristolochic acid]]s, and plants containing them
*[[Chemistry:Arsenic|Arsenic]] and inorganic [[Chemistry:Inorganic compounds by element#Arsenic|arsenic compounds]]<ref name=compunds group=note>This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group.</ref>
*[[Chemistry:Asbestos|Asbestos]] (all forms, including [[Chemistry:Actinolite|actinolite]], amosite, [[Chemistry:Anthophyllite|anthophyllite]], [[Chemistry:Chrysotile|chrysotile]], crocidolite, [[Chemistry:Tremolite|tremolite]])
*[[Chemistry:Azathioprine|Azathioprine]]
*[[Chemistry:Benzene|Benzene]]
*[[Chemistry:Benzidine|Benzidine]], and dyes metabolized to
*[[Chemistry:Benzo(a)pyrene|Benzo[''a'']pyrene]]
*[[Chemistry:Beryllium|Beryllium]] and [[Chemistry:Inorganic compounds by element#Beryllium|beryllium compounds]]<ref name=evaluated group=note>Evaluated as a group.</ref>
*[[Chemistry:1,3-Butadiene|1,3-Butadiene]]
*1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan, Myleran)
*[[Chemistry:Cadmium|Cadmium]] and [[Chemistry:Inorganic compounds by element#Cadmium|cadmium compounds]]<ref name=evaluated group=note/>
*[[Chemistry:Carbadox|Carbadox]] (methyl N-[(E)-(1,4-dioxidoquinoxaline-1,4-diium-2-yl)methylideneamino]carbamate) – GHS Category 1B Carcinogen
*Chlornapazine (''N'',''N''-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine)
*[[Chemistry:Chlorambucil|Chlorambucil]]
*Bis(chloromethyl)ether
*[[Chemistry:Chloromethyl methyl ether|Chloromethyl methyl ether]]
*[[Chemistry:Chromium(VI)|Chromium(VI)]] ([[Chemistry:Hexavalent chromium|Hexavalent chromium]]) compounds<ref name=evaluated group=note/>
*[[Chemistry:Ciclosporin|Ciclosporin]]
*[[Chemistry:Cyclophosphamide|Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Chemistry:1,2-Dichloropropane|1,2-Dichloropropane]]
*Diethylstilboestrol
*[[Chemistry:Ethanol|Ethanol]] in alcoholic beverages<ref name="FOOTNOTEIARC20091102"/><ref name=ethanol group=note>Ethanol is not carcinogenic, but is metabolised to [[Chemistry:Acetaldehyde|acetaldehyde]], which is carcinogenic.</ref>
*[[Chemistry:Erionite|Erionite]]
*[[Chemistry:Ethylene oxide|Ethylene oxide]]
*[[Chemistry:Etoposide|Etoposide]] alone, and in combination with [[Biology:Cisplatin|cisplatin]] and [[Chemistry:Bleomycin|bleomycin]]
*Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole
*[[Physics:Formaldehyde|Formaldehyde]]
*[[Chemistry:Gallium arsenide|Gallium arsenide]]
*[[Chemistry:Lindane|Lindane]]
*[[Chemistry:Melphalan|Melphalan]]
*[[Chemistry:Methoxsalen|Methoxsalen]] (8-Methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation
*[[Chemistry:4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)|4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)]] (MOCA)
*MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
*[[Chemistry:Mustard gas|Mustard gas]] (Sulfur mustard)
*[[Chemistry:2-Naphthylamine|2-Naphthylamine]]
*[[Chemistry:Nickel#Compounds|Nickel compounds]]<ref name=evaluated group=note/>
*4-(''N''-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
*[[Chemistry:N-Nitrosonornicotine|''N''-Nitrosonornicotine]] (NNN)
*2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
*3,4,5,3’,4’-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)
*[[Chemistry:Pentachlorophenol|Pentachlorophenol]]
*Polychlorinated biphenyls
*[[Chemistry:Semustine|Semustine]] [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, Methyl-CCNU]
*[[Chemistry:Silica|Silica]] dust, [[Chemistry:Crystalline|crystalline]], in the form of [[Chemistry:Quartz|quartz]] or [[Chemistry:Cristobalite|cristobalite]]
*[[Chemistry:Tamoxifen|Tamoxifen]]<ref group=note>There is also conclusive evidence that this agent ([[Chemistry:Tamoxifen|tamoxifen]]) reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer.</ref>
*2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-''p''-dioxin (TCDD)
*[[Chemistry:Thiotepa|Thiotepa]] (1,1',1"-Phosphinothioylidynetrisaziridine)
*[[Chemistry:Treosulfan|Treosulfan]]
*[[Chemistry:Trichloroethylene|Trichloroethylene]]
*[[Chemistry:O-Toluidine|o-Toluidine]]
*[[Chemistry:Vinyl chloride|Vinyl chloride]]

=== Radiations and physical agents thereof ===

*[[Physics:Ionizing radiation|Ionizing radiation]] (all types)
*[[Physics:Neutron radiation|Neutron radiation]]
*Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100-400&nbsp;nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC)
*[[Physics:Solar radiation|Solar radiation]]
*[[Physics:X-ray|X-]] and Gamma-Radiation
*[[Chemistry:Phosphorus|Phosphorus]]-32, as phosphate
*[[Chemistry:Plutonium|Plutonium]]
*[[Physics:Isotopes of iodine#Notable radioisotopes|Radioiodines]], including [[Physics:Iodine-131|iodine-131]]
*[[Physics:Radionuclide#Alpha emission only|Radionuclides]], α-particle-emitting, internally deposited<ref name=nuclide group=note>Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents.</ref>
*[[Physics:Radionuclide#Beta emission only|Radionuclides]], β-particle-emitting, internally deposited<ref name=nuclide group=note/>
*[[Physics:Radium-224|Radium-224]] and its decay products
*[[Physics:Radium-226|Radium-226]] and its decay products
*[[Physics:Radium-228|Radium-228]] and its decay products
*[[Physics:Radon-222|Radon-222]] and its decay products
*[[Physics:Thorium-232|Thorium-232]] and its decay products

=== Complex mixtures/agents===

*Aflatoxins (naturally occurring mixtures of)
*[[Earth:Air pollution|Outdoor air pollution]]
*[[Earth:Air pollution|Outdoor air pollution]], particulate matter in
*Alcoholic beverages
*[[Biology:Areca nut|Areca nut]]
*Betel quid with [[Biology:Tobacco|tobacco]]
*Betel quid without [[Biology:Tobacco|tobacco]]
*Coal-tar [[Chemistry:Pitch (resin)|pitch]]
*Coal-tars (see Coal-tar [[Distillation|distillation]])
*[[Earth:Diesel exhaust|Engine exhaust, diesel]]<ref name=PRDEE>{{cite web|title=IARC: Diesel Engine Exhaust Carcinogenic|url=https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2012/pdfs/pr213_E.pdf|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)|accessdate=August 14, 2016|format=Press release|quote=June 12, 2012 ‐‐ After a week-long meeting of international experts, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), today classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence that exposure is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer}}</ref>
*Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined) 
*[[Chemistry:Combined oral contraceptive pill|Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)]]<ref group=note>There is also convincing evidence in humans that these agents confer a protective effect against cancer in the endometrium and ovary.</ref>
*Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal
*[[Physics:Nuclear fission product|Fission products]], including [[Physics:Strontium-90|strontium-90]]
*Leather dust
*[[Chemistry:Mineral oil|Mineral oil]]s, untreated or mildly treated
*[[Chemistry:Phenacetin|Phenacetin]], [[Biology:Analgesic|analgesic]] mixtures containing
*Plants containing [[Chemistry:Aristolochic acid|aristolochic acid]]
*[[Chemistry:Polychlorinated biphenyl|Polychlorinated biphenyl]]s, [[Chemistry:Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds|dioxin-like]], with a Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189) <ref group=note>Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 with strong supporting evidence from other relevant data.</ref>
*[[Chemistry:Processed meat|Processed meat]] (consumption of)<ref>{{cite web|title=IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat|url=http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref>
*[[Chemistry:Cantonese salted fish|Salted fish, Chinese-style]]
*Shale-oils
*[[Earth:Soot|Soot]] (as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps)
*Wood dust

=== Exposure circumstances ===

*[[Chemistry:Acheson process|Acheson process]], occupational exposure associated with
*Acid mists, strong inorganic
*[[Chemistry:Aluminium|Aluminium]] production
*Auramine production
*[[Chemistry:Shoemaking|Boot and shoe manufacture]] and repair (see Leather dust, [[Chemistry:Benzene|Benzene]])
*Chimney sweeping (see [[Earth:Soot|Soot]])
*[[Chemistry:Coal gas|Coal gasification]]
*[[Earth:Coal|Coal]], indoor emissions from [[Social:Household|household]] [[Physics:Combustion|combustion]] of
*Coal-tar [[Distillation|distillation]]
*[[Chemistry:Coke (fuel)|Coke]] production
*[[Engineering:Furniture|Furniture]] and [[Engineering:Cabinetry|cabinet]] making (see [[Chemistry:Sawdust|Wood dust]])
*Haematite mining (underground)
*[[Chemistry:Iron|Iron]] and steel founding (occupational exposure during)
*[[Chemistry:Isopropyl alcohol|Isopropyl alcohol]] manufacture using strong acids
*[[Chemistry:Fuchsine|Magenta production]]
*[[Biology:Opium|Opium]] consumption
*Painter (occupational exposure as a)
*Paving and roofing with coal-tar [[Chemistry:Pitch (resin)|pitch]] (see Coal-tar [[Chemistry:Pitch (resin)|pitch]])
*[[Chemistry:Rubber|Rubber]] manufacturing industry
*[[Chemistry:Smokeless tobacco|Tobacco, smokeless]]
*[[Biology:Tobacco|Tobacco]] [[Earth:Smoke|smoke]], second-hand
*[[Biology:Tobacco|Tobacco]] [[Medicine:Smoking|smoking]]
*[[Physics:Indoor tanning|Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices]]
*[[Chemistry:Welding|Welding]] fumes

==See also==
* [[Chemistry:IARC group 2A|IARC group 2A]]
* [[Chemistry:IARC group 2B|IARC group 2B]]
* IARC group 3

== Notes ==
<references group="note"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ Description of the list of classifications], [[Organization:International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]]
** [https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications List of Classifications] (latest version)
<!-- ** [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf Agents Classified], (last updated on 7 April 2015) (((old version of the same thing from the previous link, so hide it))) -->
** [https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Classifications_by_cancer_site.pdf List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, Volumes 1 to 124] (Last update: 8 July 2019)
**[http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/List_of_Classifications.pdf Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–123] (Last update: 25 March 2019)

{{Carcinogen}}

[[Category:Carcinogens|*]]
[[Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens| ]]

{{Sourceattribution|IARC group 1|1}}