View source for Biology:Glebionis segetum

{{short description|Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = 20180615Glebionis segetum2.jpg
|genus = Glebionis
|species = segetum
|authority = ([[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Fourr.
|synonyms =
    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Chamaemelum segetum'' <small>(L.) E.H.L.Krause</small>
*''Chrysanthemum holophyllum'' <small>Pau</small>
*''Chrysanthemum laciniatum'' <small>Gilib.</small> nom. inval.
*''Chrysanthemum segetale'' <small>Salisb.</small>
*''Chrysanthemum segetum'' <small>L.</small>
*''Chrysanthemum umbrosum'' <small>Willd.</small>
*''Chrysanthemum welwitschii'' <small>Sch.Bip. ex Nyman</small>
*''Leucanthemum segetum'' <small>(L.) Stankov</small>
*''Matricaria segetum'' <small>(L.) Schrank</small>
*''Pinardia segetum'' <small>(L.) H.Karst.</small>
*''Pyrethrum segetum'' <small>(L.) Moench</small>
*''Pyrethrum umbrosum'' <small>(Willd.) Boiss.</small>
*''Xanthophthalmum segetum'' <small>(L.) Sch.Bip.</small>
*''Xantophtalmum segetum'' <small>(L.) Sch. Bip.</small>
    }}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-47672
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Glebionis segetum.jpg|right|thumb|140px]]

'''''Glebionis segetum''''' (syn. ''Chrysanthemum segetum'') is a species of [[Biology:Flowering plant|flowering plant]] in the family [[Biology:Asteraceae|Asteraceae]], probably native only to the eastern Mediterranean region but now naturalized in western and northern Europe as well as China and parts of North America.<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=glebionis+segetum Altgervista Flora Italiana, Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr.] includes photos and European distribution map</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Glebionis%20segetum.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250066799 Flora of China, ''Glebionis segetum'' (Linnaeus) Fourreau, 1869.  <big>南茼蒿</big> nan tong hao ]</ref> Common names include '''corn marigold''' and '''corn daisy'''.

''Glebionis segetum'' has been hybridized with related ''[[Biology:Argyranthemum|Argyranthemum]]'' species to create [[Biology:Cultivar|cultivar]]s of [[Biology:Garden marguerite|garden marguerite]]s.<ref name=FlorShawWats18>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Flores |first1=Anita |last2=Shaw |first2=Julian |last3=Watson |first3=John |date=2018 |title=Unpicking a daisy chain |journal=The Plantsman |series=New Series |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=238–243  |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

''Glebionis segetum'' is a herbaceous [[Biology:Perennial plant|perennial plant]] growing to 80&nbsp;cm tall, with spirally arranged, deeply lobed [[Biology:Leaf|leaves]] 5–20&nbsp;cm long. The [[Biology:Flower|flower]]s are bright yellow, produced in capitula (flowerheads) 3.5-5.5&nbsp;cm in diameter, with a ring of ray florets and a centre of disc florets.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066799 Flora of North America, ''Glebionis segetum'' (Linnaeus) Fourreau, 1869.  Corn marigold ]</ref>

''Glebionis segetum'' is widely [[Biology:Naturalisation|naturalised]] outside of its native range, colonising western and central [[Earth:Europe|Europe]] with early human [[Earth:Agriculture|agriculture]]; it can be an invasive weed in some areas. However, it also was ranked very highly, in terms of nectar production, thus showing particular value in the role of nectar-provider for insects in a UK survey of meadow species' production of nectar sugar and pollen. ''Glebionis segetum'' was practically an exact equivalent in terms of how much nectar and pollen it produced in this study with the popular garden and meadow plant, cornflower ''[[Biology:Centaurea cyanus|Centaurea cyanus]]'' — the top producer of nectar sugar among the cultivated plants in the study (as opposed to those classified as weeds).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hicks|first1=DM|last2=Ouvrard|first2=P|last3=Baldock|first3=KCR|title=Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=6|date=2016|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0158117|pmc=4920406|pmid=27341588|page=e0158117|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1158117H|doi-access=free}}</ref> Its long blooming period helps its ranking, as it does not have few flowers with very high nectar volume per flower — coupled with a brief blooming period that completely exhausts the plant, like some top-ranked plants in nectar sugar production surveys (e.g. Bull Thistle, ''[[Biology:Cirsium vulgare|Cirsium vulgare]]''). The plant strongly attracts very small butterflies (such as the ''Pearl Crescent'') and also small hoverflies such as ''[[Biology:Toxomerus marginatus|Toxomerus marginatus]]''. [[Biology:Japanese beetle|Japanese beetle]]s will consume the petals.

The corn marigold appears to have been a serious weed during the 13th century in Scotland, as suggested by a law of Alexander II which states that if a farmer allows so much as a single plant to produce seed in amongst his crops, then he will be fined a sheep.<ref name="Dalrymple338">Dalrymple, Sir David (1776). Annals of Scotland. Pub. J. Murray. London. P. 338 -339.</ref>

In Crete and Greece, the leaves and the tender shoots of a variety called ''neromantilida'' (νερομαντηλίδα) are eaten raw in salads or browned in hot [[Biology:Olive oil|olive oil]] by the locals.<ref>{{cite book |author= Kleonikos G. Stavridakis , Κλεόνικος Γ. Σταυριδάκης  |title= Wild edible plants of Crete - Η Άγρια βρώσιμη χλωρίδα της Κρήτης |publisher= Rethymnon Crete |year=2006 |isbn=960-631-179-1}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
''Glebionis segetum'' was formerly treated in the genus ''[[Biology:Chrysanthemum|Chrysanthemum]]'', but under a 1999 decision of the [[Organization:International Botanical Congress|International Botanical Congress]], that genus has been redefined with a different circumscription to include the economically important florist's chrysanthemum (now ''[[Biology:Chrysanthemum indicum|Chrysanthemum indicum]]'').

The epithet ''segetum'' is a plural noun in the genitive case, meaning "of the corn[fields]",<ref name=Gilb55>{{Citation |mode=cs2 |last1=Gilbert-Carter |first1=H. |date=1955 |title=Glossary of the British Flora |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=74 }}</ref> so does not change its ending to agree with the feminine genus name.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{GRIN}}
* [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Chrysanthemum&SPECIES_XREF=segetum&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Glebionis segetum'' (as ''Chrysanthemum segetum'')]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28242}}

[[Category:Anthemideae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Glebionis segetum|1}}